Introduction to Special Education Essay

* students with exceptionalities exhibit differences in learning and behaviour that significantly affect their reproductional potential they devote exceptional needs that cannot be met by typical approaches to schooling * excess(prenominal) education is constructed and delivered to suit the specific strengths and needs of students with exceptionalities The Modern History Of supererogatory Education.* fussy types of educational services reserved as far back as the 18th century * modern era of special education began in the 1960s during the civil rights movement (rejected existing practices of separately educating students who were different) * early forms of special education designed to reduce perceived threats to normal students History Of particular(prenominal) Education (Legislation Affecting Special Education) * some Canadian provinces enacted special education formula as early as 1969 * 1975 ground breaking legislation in U. S.Education for All Handicapped Children Ac t.* least restrictive environment * individualized education program (IEP) * categories of exceptionality * 1978 Javits Gifted & Talented Students Act brought add together of identifiable categories to eleven * 1990 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) added traumatic brain smirch and autism to create the thirteen categories used today * IDEA children with disabilities instead of change children The No Child Left Behind Act signed into justness in 2002 * addresses four critical concerns.* accountability of educators for student academic performance * flexibility of specialized funding implementation to maximize student motion * option for pargonnts to change childs school if motion is not at expected level * use of scientifically proven methods to lay down all children reading by end of grade three Is NCLB qualification a Difference? Criticisms * students with exceptionalities not exempt from district-wide or state-wide yearly achievement tests (law recent ly changed flexibility option) * lack of available funding.* more emphasis laid on math and reading at the expense of other curricular topics To date, NCLB legislation has not significantly affected special education practices in Canada. How Is Special Education In Canada And The United States Similar? * basic practices descend the same conceptual models * major difference is way it is governed * U. S. operates under federally-mandated laws * each(prenominal) Canadian province and territory has own education legislation * closely relevant federal law in Canada is Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms preponderance Of Students With Exceptionalities* vast majority of schoolrooms now include students with exceptionalities * statistics difficult to acquire in Canada * U. S. Department of Education (2002) * 8. 8% of all students open exceptionalities * 85% of these have mild disabilities * twice as m both males as females Inclusionary Practices * until the mid 1980s, special edu cation services delivered wholly or partially separated from rhythmical classrooms * all Canadian provinces have currently adopted philosophy of comprehension.* students with exceptionalities are provided with appropriate educational programming inappropriate environments * regular classroom is first placement option * Inclusionary Practices * inclusion better than integration or mainstreaming because it does not try to fix the child to suit the system * inclusion does not replace the term special education because it does not provide specific definitions for implementation * educators support inclusion but are implicated about its lack of procedures for implementation Non-Categorical mock up.* data-based approach to instructional cooking * does not rely on specific labels * proponents feel that labels frequently stigmatize, isolate, and stereotype individuals with exceptionalities * more concerned with functional educational services than outcomes of assessments Categorical M odel * students needs and abilities are defined and then identified, classified, and categorized * most astray used and accepted approach.* allows educators to design effective educational interventions without over-generalizing the characteristics of specific categories to any one child * textbook emphasizes categorical model * teachers need to hump the criteria used to identify students with exceptionalities and how the criteria varies across categories * allows teachers to readily notice problems that children may be having * eliminates confusion and frustration when teaching students with exceptionalities.