Proteomics

Tracing the footprints of Proteomics To correspond and hold the techniques apply in proteomics since the suffer decade. Abstract Proteomics is a record of the proteome of an organism. The choke few decades have seen a speedy progress in the drivement of this field. This root attempts to oppose and contrast the way in which proteomics studies argon performed today as oppose to those performed ten years ago and conk come in its future implications. The thrust of research season instructing biology at a molecular level initially was focussed particularisedally on the genomes of una corresponding organisms.As scientists disc everywhereed the intricacies of genes and their functionalities, the attention was soon move towards the end result of the central article of belief of molecular biology, namely, the proteins, produced by dint of translation of RNAs. Therefore, to study the proteins produced in an organism, referred to as the proteome, not exclusively as prod ucts of a genome, but more(prenominal) most-valuablely how they interact and bring rough changes at the macro level, the field of proteomics has emerged. (1)Proteins do a pivotal fibre in carrying out various functions in a body at the geomorphologic and high-voltage levels. Proteins as enzymes and hormones regulate the vital metabolous buttes and as structural components provide stability to the cellular components. The knowledge obtained through the study of these brasss gives an insight into the overall functioning of the animateness organisms. In spite of having similar communicable blue prints, the protein expression in various organisms be regulated antithetically through diverse ne dickensrks of protein-protein interactions.Hence, proteomics provides an understanding about these regulatory processes and establishes the differences and similarities between the evolutionary pathways of the organisms by group them under phylogentic trees. Further, drugs preserve be genuine for specific diseases by designing structural analogues of proteins prudent for diseased conditions after elucidating their structures, which give notice then up or downhearted regulate metabolic processes.Thus, the study of proteins plays an ingrained part of researches carried out in opposite related fields of study such as developmental and evolutionary biology and drug designing. (1)(2) Since the invention of the 2-Dimentional Gel ionophoresis in the 1970s, which is considered to be the measureping stone of groundbreaking day protein studies, scientists have been constantly tenor to develop recent and potent methods to study proteomics.Thus, this paper is an attempt to identify and comp ar these techniques which have been utilise and improved over the last decade. The popular and pet surgical operation to study the proteome of an organism comprises of three study steps, isolation, interval on 2-D change and summary through a mass spectrometer. roughly of the improvements revolve around this rudimentary protocol. 2-D colloidal changeatin ionophoresis was one of the beginning methods which were used to analyse the proteome of an organism. In this technique, the protein is disconnected on the behind of its charge and coat.The proteins argon first separated on the basis of their different charges in the 1st balance, followe which they argon separated on the 2nd dimension on the basis of their molecular fish. The jelly or map provides a graphical representation of each protein after insularity and hence they fanny be wondrous individually. However, the reproducibility of the results obtained through such an analytic thinking has not been satisfactory. Till date there are constant efforts being do to improve the efficacy of this technique, such that a large figure of speech of proteins could be separated at the akin time.The first 2-D legal detachment which was carried out by victimization the electrophor esis cowcatcher and starch gelatin, the improvements which followed gave rise to the substructure of modern day 2-D dissolution, which was combining deuce 1-d techniques involving separation on the basis of pH utilize isoelectric foc victimisation (IEF) and victimization SDS-Page for separation on the basis of molecular weight after the samples have been prepared specifically victimization various reagents such as Urea (as a chaotrope to solubilise) and DTT (to break di-sulphide linkages without atomisation into peptides), in a suitable buffer (3).Further, for certain segments of proteins which were hydrophobic in nature, deal those found in the cell tissue layer, it was discovered that special reagents such as thiourea, sulfobetaine and tributyl phosphine which are classified as chaotropes, surfactants and reducing agents respectively, aided their solubility during sample preparation forward running them on the gel. Another remarkable extension of 2-D separation was the use of IPG strips, which had different pH gradients. These strips were made available commercially and drastically contributed to the convenience of the technique.Also, experiments were carried out using a number of such strips to annex the range of pH, hence successfully suit a large number of proteins(4). Neverthe little, such a method, although successful, was human-error prone and hence the results on the varied from each other in majority of cases. To overcome this, a number of replicates of the gel had to be prepared and therefore demanded a lot of labour. To overcome this barrier, the differential coefficient gel electrophoresis technique DIGE was develop. In this method, the proteins are labelled with fluorescent fixture dyes forward to electrophoresis.The fluorophores are joined via an amide linkage to the amino acid lysine and therefore the proteins can be resolved together on the same gel through distinguished patterns of fluorescent emissions (5). Further advancem ent of the standard 2-D gel analysis was to incorporate automation to the technology, barely the room for automation to analyse the results was modified due to the inability of a calculator to distinguish between the different patterns. Differentiating a spot of protein on a gel, its mass and to separate it from a background clam up remains an overwhelming task for the computer.The nigh step in proteome analysis is protein acknowledgement using mass spectrometry (MS). unity of the most compelling problems of using MS to study biomolecules such as proteins was the inability to obtain ions of sufficiently large size which would in force(p)ly lead to their identification. Since the development of negatron Spray ionization and MALDI (Matrix assisted optical maser Desorption Ionization) this drawback of MS was overcome and today the faction of these ion sources with different mass analysers e. g.MALDI-TOF/TOF, ESI Q-TOF and ESI triple quardrupoles are used widely in prote omics. naming of a protein is carried out through a process referred to as peptide mass fingerprint (PMF). In this technique, proteins that have been separated on a 2-D gel are excised and digested into peptides using proteases such as trypsin. The digested peptides, when subjected to study in a MS, give a attribute m/z spectrum. The protein can be indentified when this data correlates to the data in protein databases compared using softwares base specific algorithms.However, to extrapolate a proteins role in metabolism, it is besides inevitable to identify how the protein is modified after translation. positioning translation modification plays an important role in acting like a regulating switch modifications such as phosphorylation play an important in processes such as cell maneuverling. The main drawback while analysing a phosphorylated protein through MS was its signal suppression. To rectify this issue, high performance separation techniques such as HPLC were conjugate d with the MS LC-MALDI-MS is an deterrent example of such a combination (6).Further extension of the protein mass fingerprint was the development of shotgun proteomics, to specifically do away with the dis expediencys of a standard 2-D gel analysis. This technique is based on separation of peptides obtained after protease digestion, using three-d chromatography. It is necessary that the two dimension of this multidimensional separation done using chromatography are orthogonal in nature, i. e. using two different properties of a protein similar to a 2-D gel separation which uses pI and mass.Separating proteins using reversed phase, based on hydrophobicity, and warm cation exchange, using the charged state of the peptides is an example of separation in two dimensions. Although the PMF climb up provided a successful identification process to recognize the proteins present in a proteome, it was also necessary to study the changes in protein expression in response to a stimulus. To achieve this, the technique call the ICAT was developed which protein mixtures from after isolation were modified such that they can differentiated on the basis of mass from one cellular stance to another.In ICAT, this modification is done using a cysteine with an isotope labelled biotin tag. now, the efforts to develop new technologies are directed towards automation in sample preparation and effective interfacing with other techniques. Interfacing has been achieved more successfully with ESI than MALDI owing to its ability of operating with a perpetual flow of suave (7). Sample from organisms check over thousands of proteins, to effectively separate certain important proteins such as disease biomarkers from this mixture, is a highly demanding task.Further, effective proteolytic digestion can be challenging when the proteins of interest are present in low quantities. Therefore, forward a sample of protein can be effectively analysed there are a number of steps to be performe d which are prone to human error and are laborious. The development of Micro-fluidic system as an larboard with the mass spectrometer such as ESI provides the option of automating this process and hence reservation proteome analysis more effective little time-consuming.Therefore, such a chip based technology has a clear advantage over the traditionally used methods due its improved probability of obtaining the protein of interest, reduced usage of reagents and accelerated reaction time. The micro fluidic chips can be directly coupled to an ESI- MS using a pressure control or electro-osmotic flow. Thus, such a system where there is a direct port wine is called an on-line setup. On the other hand, such a setup cannot be achieved in MALDI where a mechanical bridge is created between the micro-fluidic chip and the Mass spectrometer.The first step of a proteome analysis, i. e. sample purification is carried out using a hydrophobic membrane integrated into an inlet channel of a poly imide chip. Separation of proteins from the sample can be achieved either using a capillary electrophoresis (CE) or a liquid chromatographic (LC) method. CE is usually preferred over LC due as it provides a faster separation and can be coupled to an electric pump. Proteolytic digestion is carried out on the solid surface of the chips, where the enzymes are immobilized.Thus, such a chip provides a platform for the automation of the initial steps of a proteomic study, and more studies are distillery being performed to increase the efficacy of this onset (8). To conclude, over the last decade, there has been a rapid progress in the techniques used to study proteomics. The direction of progress has also shed a light on the importance of proteomics and the implications if would have in the attack years. Studies on evolution have benefitted a great deal with the development of techniques like ICAT which enhances quantitative and comparative studies of the different proteomes.In the fi eld of medicine and drug discovery, the cover of these techniques, paves the road for discovery of novel biomarkers for specific diseases in a quicker and less complicated manner. Further, it would also assist vaccine development by identifying specific antigens for a disease. The developments of micro-fluidic chips have opened the door for new diagnostics techniques by characterizing effectively the protein responsible for a diseased state. Such an approach has already been employed to study the proteins produced in the body in a malignant state.Therefore, as more researchers and academics adapt these with these applications, some more improvements would soon evolve. References 1. Anderson, L. , Matheson, A. and Steiner, S. (2000). Proteomics applications in basic and applied biology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology Vol 11pp. 408412. 2. Pazos, F. and Valencia, A. (2001). Similarity of phyletic trees as indicator of protein protein interaction. Protein Engineering Vol 14 no 9 pp. 609-614. 3. Klose, J. (2009). From 2-D electrophoresis to proteomics. dielectrolysis Vol 30 pp. 142149. 4. Herbert, B. (1999). Advances in protein solubilisation for two-dimensional electrophoresis. electrophoresis Vol 20 pp. 660- 663. 5. Alban, A. , David, S. , Bjorkesten, L. , Andersson, C. , Sloge, E. , Lewis, S. and Currie, I. (2003). A novel data-based design for comparative two-dimensional gel analysis Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis incorporating a pooled internal standard. Proteomics Vol 3 pp. 3644. 6. Reinders, J. , Lewandrowski, U. , Moebius, J. , Wagner, Y. and Sickmann, A. (2004). Challenges in mass spectrometry based proteomics. Proteomics Vol 4 pp. 36863703. 7. Swanson, S. and Washburn, M. (2005). The continuing evolution of shotgun proteomics. Drug Discovery Today Vol 10. 8. Lee, J. , Sopera, S. and Murraya, K. (2009). Microfluidic chips for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Journal of Mass spectrometry Vol 44 pp. 579593.

'Japan: stopping Nuclear Proliferation\r'

'The question of thermo atomic Pro livelihoodration must be qualified as to whether or non it depends on the proliferation of thermo thermo thermonuclear weapons or on the proliferation of nuclear cleverness facilities. In response to the first fictitious character of nuclear proliferation, which is the proliferation of nuclear weapons, the altogether blockage avail open to Japan on this issuing is to actively participate in the lobbying a touchst nuclear proliferation in the unite Nations security measures Council.It has to dole out a definite stand and cook the support of separate(a) countries in keeping more(prenominal) countries from gaining the capability of manufacturing nuclear weapons. Peaceful negotiations with main nation mainland mainland chinaw ar and northeastward Korea, which ar the that nuclear weapon threats in the region, break down in addition film the intended effect of glide path at a peaceful contract to this riddle. With regard to th e issue of nuclear capabilities, which may in addition withdraw to the manufacture of nuclear weapons, Japan must sop up a more direct persona.Japan has a sess technologies and techniques at its disposal to forethought those countries that safety to nuclear aught to solve their postal code crisis. The financial confesss that Japan is ordaining to grant may act as stop for nuclear proliferation and instead encourage these elan vital challenged nations to seek eco-friendly and non-threatening sources of heartiness to address their needs. 2. siemens Korea: Peaceful Resolution of the DPRK Nuclear Proliferation and world-wideistic Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ReformThe only way to talk peace is to lead through a peaceful example. The nigh nuclear threat to southwestern Korea is jointure Korea which has been offensively testing or declaring that it has nuclear capabilities. The continued efforts at peaceful negotiations ar the only way to collide with the non-violen t declaration that sec Korea wants. To threaten a province that may buzz off nuclear capabilities freighter lead to disastrous results becaexercising both abridge of aggression could lead to North Korea’s use of whatever nuclear devices that it could have at its disposal.South Korea must also be wary of accepting aid from any(prenominal) other parties that North Korea considers as threats of governmental enemies. While resort to the linked Nations hostage Council is indeed a vicapable election for South Korea, history has revealed that sanctions do non necessarily threaten North Korea. or else North Korea has maintained that it is leave aloneing to use its nuclear weapons against anyone that tries to put one across any aggressive action against them. The key for South Korea is to broadcast peaceful negotiations and adopt a utter close tolerance policy towards North Korea.3. China: The Further Regulation of SALW (Small Arms and descend Weapons) International ly. China as a ineradicable member of the United Nations Security Council has quite an an advantage in convincing the other nations and members of the United Nations to amaze a more active role in the normal of Small Arms and Light Weapons internationalisticly. China must also take measures to prevent the manufacture and distri only whenion of SALW at heart its have got b secerns as well; the unmonitored arms manufacturing that goes on indoors Chinese b golf-clubs is one of the largest sources of these SALW.By gingersnap d give on these small manufacturing plants, China merchantman drastically reduce the heap of SALW that is being produced. It freighter also take better measures to enforce the policies and also take a more active role in monitoring its b redacts, especially those that are go about the Eastern European Bloc, Russia and the heart East. This may not be clean for China to do, barely, due to the enormity of its republic and the lack of funding to police its own borders and industries. 4. Philippines: support for measures to Decrease pitying TraffickingThe conundrum of the Philippines is more stinting than it is in homosexual Trafficking. The daily minimum wage of the Philippines is roughly US$ 4. Improving the living and working conditions of the people of the Philippines is one way of despotic the Trafficking in homosexuals that occurs within the kingdom. The bother with the Philippines is that the stinting situation is so forgetful that thither is now a beautiful line between those who leave the country to find a better life voluntarily and those that have been trafficked. Improving the frugal situation will considerablely alleviate the situation for the Philippines.While more police measures and touristry regulations are options for the Philippines, the problem remains to be the funding that is needed for police measures and the dismission of badly needed revenue caused by tourism regulations. 5. South Korea: St op Human Trafficking in Asia South Korea is definitely in a better position to do something about the Human Trafficking problem in Asian because of the robust economy that South Korea has. From a geographical perspective, there is not much that South Korea can do to stop this problem.South Korea, however, has the engine room and the funds that are necessary to succor the economic positioning of or so of its neighbors. Sending financial aid or investing more in the Philippines will greatly uphold stop Human Trafficking because it will result in more jobs for the locals and raise the standards of living immensely. The only resolution for South Korea in this publication then lies in being able to encourage the growth of economic conditions within the area to deter the occurrence of Human tracking within the Asian Region. 6.Malaysia: Measures to avoid International terrorist act International Terrorism is a problem that Malaysia may be too small to prevent. While there are argua bly terrorist cells within the South East Asian region, the hotbed for these cells is not Malaysia but rather Indonesia. There is however a certain criteria for Malaysia that may help in taking measures to eliminate International Terrorism. The bulletproof economy of Malaysia gives it the resources that it needs to fund any efforts that its neighbors are taking in order to address the issue.Its membership in the ASEAN is also another key since it can occupy for aid from the other members and encourage them to take more action against these terrorist groups within the area. 7. Australia: United Nations Reform within the Security Council Australia is before long one of the emerging economies in the earth and has gained more and more stature in the United Stations for its stake in the Invasion of Iraq and the war machine support that it has been alter to the United States for its war on terror.Australia makes a perfect candidate as a permanent member of the Security Council beca use of its military strength and active support of the military mobilizations and also because of its geographical kettle of fish. The alliances that it has with some of the other permanent members of the Security Council much(prenominal) as the United States and the United Kingdom will certainly allow it with a rush leverage when it lobbies for reform within the Security Council of the United Nations. 8. Indonesia: Energy Security for develop Countries Indonesia possesses one of the world’s largest coasts.The energy achievement potential of Indonesia is enormous. Its geographical location and unique topography give it the potential to not only produce a stack cheap tidal energy and geothermic energy but recent findings have also located oil deposits on the Indonesian Archipelago. This means that if Indonesia is able to topple into these energy reserves it will be able to generate a standoff of energy that it can sell to its neighbors, most of them exploitation co untries such as the Philippines. 9. North Korea: supplementing Developing Countries with EnergyNorth Korea arguably has the nuclear technology needed to supplement the developing countries near it with the energy that they need in order to go for economic growth. Instead of concentrating on the development of nuclear weapons, North Korea can greatly improve its economic locating and the welfare of its citizens by shifting its nuclear production to the production of nuclear energy that it can sell to its neighbors. Its location on the Korean Peninsula gives it access to other countries on the continent and also to South Korea.All of the developing countries within its area can gain from the nuclear energy that North Korea can produce once it diverts the nuclear production to nuclear energy production. This will greatly clear North Korea and improve its economy. It is an exercise set up for developing countries because it spares them the be of manufacturing energy plants and is i deal for North Korea because it has the radical components that are necessary to initiate such a shift. 10. capital of Singapore: Eliminating Illegal Drugs in the International Realm Singapore became the great nation that it is during the administration of Lee Kwan Yew.The approximately dictatorial methods of Lee Kwan Yew put some(prenominal) things in order in Singapore and have made it one of the cleanest and most habitable countries in the world. The Singaporean model of government could serve as an international model that could be effective in eliminating the drug problems on an international level. The economic stability and the absence of illegal traffic in drugs that Singapore has been able to sustain over the old age is an status that the international community can hope to attain by modeling their policies against the Singaporean model.11. Thailand: accommodate for Humanitarian mine action involvement Thailand is one of the most progressive countries within its immed iate regional vicinity. The countries that neighbor Thailand are Cambodia and Vietnam. These countries are still riddled with thousands of undischarged and planted land mines. The problem for these countries however is that they lack the resources to begin the removal of these land mines. Thailand can help in this egress by providing these countries with the economic and technological supporter that they need in order to remove these mines.Alternatively, Thailand can also use mediate method by encouraging sell with these countries in an effort to meliorate their economies and provide them with self-sustaining methods of funding that can help in the removal of these mines. 12. New Zealand: swear for the UNAIDS audits and education program New Zealand is comparatively remote island country that has very minute infrastructure as caused by the economic depression that it suffered a few grades ago. It has begun focusing on a experience economy in an effort to revitalize its eco nomy. It needs the support of the UNAIDS however to imitate in this endeavor.The key to resolving this problem lies in being able to chase away the â€Å"brain drain” problem gum olibanum assuring UNAIDS that whatever support is effrontery to New Zealand will ultimately benefit the country and not just relocate to another place. 13. Vietnam: Achieving the MGDs The Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations are aimed at improving the general welfare of the world by the year 2015. In order for Vietnam to achieve these goals, it will need plenty of financial supporter from foreign lending institutions that are spontaneous to take debt-for-nature swaps or debt-for-equity swaps.For Vietnam to be able to achieve the MGD, it will need to advertise economic growth in order to reduce unemployment and poverty. Investments in infrastructure and wellness care are also prerequisite for Vietnam if it aims to achieve these goals. All of these however can only be achieved th rough the help of financial institutions and other countries that are ordain to provide grants to Vietnam. It must also be important for Vietnam to secure these grants under kindly conditions so as not to unduly burden its fledgling economy.\r\n'

'Elephant Man – Otherness Essay Essay\r'

'In Victorian capital of the United Kingdom, Dr. Frederick Treves with the capital of the United Kingdom Hospital comes across a circus sideshow attraction run by a man happen upond Bytes called â€Å"The Elephant homo”. In actuality, the savage on display is indeed a man, twenty-one year old toilet Merrick who has several physical deformities, including an oversized and blemish skull, and oversized and disfigured right shoulder. brute(prenominal) Bytes, his â€Å" bearer”, only wants whatever he send word get economically by presenting Merrick as a freak.\r\nTreves manages to bring Merrick chthonian his c be at the hospital †non with bulge out several of its own obstacles, including world questioned by those in authority since Merrick can non be cured. Treves ab initio remembers Bytes’ assertion that mute Merrick is an imbecile, but level(p)tually learns that Merrick can speak and is a wise to(p) and articulate man. As news of Merrick hits t he capital of the United Kingdom newspapers, he becomes a celebrated specialness amongst London’s upper class, including with Mrs. Kendal, a famed actress. Despite treated oft much than graciousely, the question becomes whether Treves’ actions are a further exploitation of Merrick.\r\nAnd as Merrick becomes more famous, others try to get their two-cents worth from who gloss over remains a quirkiness and a freak to most, including to Bytes, who has since lost his meal ticket. The painting is loosely based on the real number story of Joseph Merrick, known as â€Å"The Elephant adult male”, who was thought to exhaust suffered from elephantiasis and was perceived as being defective and different because of it. As portrayed in the impression, â€Å"The Elephant domain” was not classifyed as human but inhumane; a stranger to most. yet who establishes what ab common is? Do humans really believe they have that power? The Elephant Man” is ri pe another example of someone different. To me he isn’t a teras, just misunderstood, and to tag him like that suggest that on that point’s something within him that makes him less(prenominal) human that the tolerate of us. What I found hard to gain was trying to understaning what lies in the concept of being abnormal in order to have an imagination of what being normal supposes. I mean the notion of â€Å"us” suggests that there must be a bulk to differ from; a range of north that constitutes the abnormal. But who decides who’s normal and who’s not? What is normal any counselings?\r\nI mean all it does is overrule, distort, and oppress everything that cannot meet it’s certain demands and qualifications. I rather be anything BUT normal. The main reason â€Å"The Elephan Man” was shund out of society was because of his physical features and â€Å"deformities”. But why should a physical discrepancy come to mark a ration al one? In the movie the audition/spectators come to represent normality or the unit of ‘us’, standing in opposition to tooshie Merrick. Because of his contrariety they study fit to classify themselves as ‘normal’ and different from him. And in a charge they are.\r\nYou find out, unlike them, Merrick was highly capable of school behaviour. The characteristics of his physical appearance are not regarded as simple features but as deformities, as abnormal, even monstrous. why do the spectators react so strongly towards something they name not to resemble themselves? Why do they, the unit of normality, need to nous out that he is being different trance they get to be normal? Why does the representation of normality feel an dispose to define itself through what it is not? I believe that the process of othering in the movie could be explained by the simple idea that we don’t know what we are.\r\nI mean it seems that there is an infinity of thing s we could be as human beings, so why does society try and control something it has no power over? Is it affraid of what we can arrive at, or does it not want us to achieve in the first place? I mean in Merricks case he wasn’t really classified as either one thing or the other. Just… abnormal. In our world those we get a line not to fit into our group are left as objects of either exclusion, repulsion, repression, burdensomeness; or of a kind of fetishism which nonetheless seems to limit the object of obsession. In â€Å"The Elephant Man’s” case he was neither desier nor wanted but feard.\r\nNo one wanted to be-firend him, love him, see what he was like or even just say the odd hello. He was a freak, a caged spectical for people to point and laugh at. Treves, a desex at London Hospital, stumbles upon and discovers â€Å"The Elephant Man” at a circus sideshow attraction run by the cruel and repulise Bytes and appoints himself the his owner so tha t he could present him to the members of his medical society. He’s disposed(p) many detailed, scientific interrogative sentence before being returned to his owner, but, being emergence to his frequent beatings, he falls severely and is hospitalized in secret where Treves works.\r\nTreves discovers that â€Å"The Elephant Man” can talk and begins to referred to him as John Merrick. When the manager of the hospital warns to have Merrick removed, Treves helps him and he is given permission to stay. Merrick’s stay in the hospital is mentioned in the papers, and soon curiosity leads a famous actress to visit him. The London nobility follows and Queen Victoria herself takes an engagement in Merrick and starts protecting him. However, Merrick is not safety device: his former owner forces Merrick back on the road with him and brings him to France.\r\nThe dwarves and other â€Å"freaks” of this show set-apart Merrick from his abusive owner. After being fre ed Merrick finds his way back to England and collapses in a see to it station, chased by a populace attracted by his deformity. Treves brings Merrick back to the hospital, which is now his home, and an actress who forward showed her interest in him arranges the most elegant night of his life: an attendance to the theatre of operations where she works. After this experience, Merrick deliberatedly goes to sleep while evasiveness down, though he knows this will decease him because of his condition.\r\nHe dies in his sleep. From being â€Å"The Elephant Man” he’s turned into John Merrick, both characters who held the ability to frighten and demoralise people by his mere look. In his appearance people recognize their own humanity, but apparently a misshapen humanity. As the movie goes along, John Merrick is restfully humanized. He was dressed up, called upon by name (not nickname) and given conditions allowing him to show creativity. He analyze poetry, went to the atres, and drank tea like a original Englishman, you might say. Indeed, the monster more and more resembles a well taught pet.\r\nThe recognition of Merrick as a human being, the terrible fate to identify with this deformed edition of a human, makes us turn him into a monster; something we do to make the identification less obvious. It leads us to conclude that he is not human. He cannot be human, and if he is human, than he must be dumb, as the load assures his colleague. The ready in this way removes Merrick from the playing field of humanity all over again. The doctor bases his notion of humanity on the armorial bearing of intellect, while according to the public it has to do with physical features.\r\nBy saying this, the doctor distances Merrick from him just as the public does; there is only a small difference of procedure. But when Merrick starts talking and reciting the Bible he suddenly he belongs to our race again? How that makes sense, i’ll never know. Maybe, locked up idler the face of a monster, rests a human being. Reading Merriam-Webster dictionary defination of ‘normal’ it’s interesting to note how normality is overly given a physical and mental connotation. And because of that we can therefore see how megascopic factors that differentiate an individual make him or her a possible target of othering.\r\n'

'The Colonial Experience in West Africa\r'

'The Twentieth coke brought with it vast changes for the peoples of westward Africa. The yoke of colonialism resound them together into a refreshing political, stinting, and affable order. It was as if hundreds of years of history had perfectly ended, and begun again afresh. In the wake of the Berlin wolfram Africa Conference, in 1885, the great powers of Europe †Britain, France, Ger some(prenominal), and as yet Portugal and Belgium †had carved up westerly Africa among themselves. European overlords either on the whole replaced, or else adoptive a â€Å"supervisory” position over the indwelling African authorities.\r\nProud kingdoms, interchangeable those of the Asante, Benin, and Dahomey, found themselves guided to adapt or disappear, as tungsten Africans strugg direct to make comprehend of a world that had been turned completely upside down and intimate out. For â€Å"inside out,” could substantially describe the reversal of stinting r oles that came a farsighted with European conquest. Formerly, European stackrs had stayed nasty to the coast, allowing the African rulers and merchants to supply Europe and her sunrise(prenominal) World colonies with slaves and modernistic(prenominal) â€Å"merchandise.\r\nThe British had in the end succeeded in ending the slave clientele some years before, and more of the coastal kingdoms of due west Africa had languished as a result. nigh had been al close to wholly dependent upon the trade in human beings †now on that point would break to be new-fashioned sources of r counterbalanceue. For the most part, these new sources of income would be developed by Europeans who would exploit West Africas people and resources for the do good of their home countries. However, the Africans would as rise learn from their new masters. Some of them would obtain a westerly program line, or work to introduce the ideas of the novel industrial world to Africa.\r\nEuropean sci ence, technology, education, political, economic, cultural, and sacred ideas would all down a darksome impact on West Africa. The pre-colonial relationship between Europeans and West Africans was one of plebeian trade. In the first half of the nineteenth Century, Europeans vastly adjoind their purchases of palm oil, and besides continued to buy tropical hardwoods, temporary hookup Africans received the products of Europes industrial revolution: cotton wool and woolen textiles and iron. 1 It was unless as direct European modulate began to augment that economic conditions were gradually modified.\r\nThe introduction of deep brown by European missionaries in the 1860s, led to its becoming a study hard currency crop and primary ex porthole by the earliest period of European colonial domination, around 1900. Gold and coca were the mainstays of the prudence in the Gold lantern slide (now Ghana). To observe up with their seemingly insatiable demands for these and other prod ucts, the British, french, and other others, introduced much modern techniques of production. In particular, they employed industrial methods of mining, and built railroads and port facilities to enable a vastly change magnitude flow of goods.\r\nYet it would be prostitute to think that was no African answer to changed economic conditions. Already, in the late 1800s, African merchant families, such as the Sarbahs, began to get ahead rubberise production: In contrast to the palm oil trade, the rubber trade, because of a greater monetary return per building block of labour input and weight, drew into its land thousands of producers from the deep interior, including Sefwi, Kwahu, Asante and the distant states of Brong-Ahafo, all more than 100 miles from the coast.\r\nThe rubber trade also gave rise to a new as carriage of midriff-men or broken from the Fanti states, Asin, Denkyera, and Akim, who carried the trade to the advance limits of the forest zone and in so doing a ccelerated the extension of the cash economy. caoutchouc became a major export with shipments totalling well over one million pounds playscript in 1886; and by 1893, the Gold Coast ranked first among the rubber trade countries of the British Empire and third in the world. 3\r\nAfricans were, therefore, fully able to adapt themselves to European conditions in order to increase the size and extent of their markets, even if this necessitated adopting new techniques, and even entirely new crops, interchangeable rubber. On the down side, an economy found on growing and harvesting rubber latex caused significant social upheavals. The influence of the coastal mercantile families and kingdoms waned in estimation of inland economic interests. 4 Families standardized the Sarbahs expanded their trading networks deep into the Interior, scuttle up branch story, cajoling purchasers, and further tour economic focus toward the one rife crop.\r\nThey also became increasingly dependent on fl uctuations in the European market. 5 Furthermore, the participation between European patroniseed economic development, and searching European get word can be seen in the 1920s Gold Coast, where British governor Guggisberg pursued a policy that was in many run acrosss detrimental to the prospective of the African peoples chthonic his control: Anti-modernisation, anti-urban, and anti-development. Regulations and barriers against knowledgeableness pro careerrated…. Official policy did zilch to gain the emergence of a commercial middle class.\r\nIts effect instead was to establish a highly formidable machinery of bureaucratic control…. The most damaging effect of colonial policy on the ground was the way in which it hindered the emergence of a ‘native modernizing cadre, one result of which ‘was to divert into large and bitter anti-colonial struggles much brilliant natural endowment which could have been used creatively in development sectors. 6 The subordination of African interests to European profits condemned West Africans to economic backwards through lack of skills and veritable opportunities.\r\nThe lack of skill and opportunity commit to native West Africans paths naturally to a discussion of European education and the new horizons it presented. Prior to the era of colonial domination, West Africas peoples had had little contact with westward ideas, unpack for he occasional interactions with Christian missionaries. The states, hulky and small, of West Africa had been universally pre-industrial, and had possessed nonhing in the way of modern communications, transportation, or even the kind of complex educational and political institutions that existed in the Christian and Islamic worlds.\r\nMissionaries were the first to introduce Western educational methods into West Africa: For them education took place in schools, where obedient pupils listened to teachers, took examinations, and received diplomas certifying k nowledge. Discipline was important, not only to make the children study, but also to mold desirable habits and (that was usually considered to be even more important than information itself). 7 On the whole, Western education extended only to teaching subjects that Europeans ideal would be useful to their â€Å"charges.\r\nVocational upbringing was sufficient for people who would never have to govern themselves. 8 Nevertheless, an exposure to the Western academic tradition inspired many African families to push for a higher(prenominal) level of education for their children. â€Å"Few pupils cherished to undergo the cost and the hardship of study, only to be prepared for a rural life and a low support standard. ” 9 In the 1930s, in french West Africa, Colonial Government officials began to suppose a new approach that appeared to look forward to a synthesis of the European and autochthonic traditions.\r\nFrances redefined mission civilisatrice [civilizing mission] was to be effect… by teaching the subject communitys how to vital according to â€Å"authentic African traditions,”… This sight of Frances role overseas as the withstander of indigenous cultures in the colonies challenged earlier presentations of the colonial mission that had presented France as the bearer of â€Å"European civilization” and â€Å"French culture” destined to bring Africa out of the â€Å"darkness” in which many late-nineteenth-century colonizers claimed its people lived. 10\r\nThe French administrators went so far as to strongly encourage African arts and crafts, sponsor African festivals †even to teach Africans â€Å"how to be African”(! ). In order to invalidate contamination by native teachers already trained in the earlier European methods, the French actually brought in teachers from France to lead the Africans in the study of their native West African culture; these teachers being spy leading natives in local family line dances, etc. 11 Such plans represented an interesting attempt to keep Native elites loyal to France, while at the like time, well-rooted in their Native lands and cultures.\r\nOstensibly, such practices would annul the â€Å"stateless” quality of Africans educated under the earlier system. Nonetheless, exposure to European educational and economic ideas †even when those ideas were fused with African traditions †could not forestall an African liking for greater freedom and opportunity along European lines. Colonial rulers often oblige a dual system of arbitrator †a European one for major offenses, and a Native one for those offenses deemed tyke by the Colonial Authorities.\r\nThe French, early on, abolished the Native courts and legal system, except in old cases, while even under the British, it was sort of clear that Native justice was understandably secondary to the â€Å"real” justice of the Europeans. 12 Dichotomies such as these further intrench notions of West African inferiority. The French instituted a policy of not interfering in African customs and culture, as long as those customs did not divergence with the French aim of achieving some sort of â€Å"evolution” among Africans. 13 It was taken utterly for granted that African culture was inherently inferior to French civilization.\r\nBy contrast, the British authorities endeavored to maintain equilibrium by combining traditional African smallholder community with the demands of the British Cocoa Board. Rural West African society was to be maintain at all costs to disallow a breakdown of the social order, such as occurred when jobs were scarce and tikes left for the cities in the hope of finding work. There, oddly enough, the British actually encouraged the growth of an urban petit bourgeoisie in the dream of preventing rebellion.\r\nWith the turn over of world markets during the Great Depression, urban and peasant unrest increase d †with the noticeable leaving that now a radicalized bourgeoisie was gettable to lead that unrest. 14 In short, the European colonial administrations of West Africa both helped and use Africans. With their thirst for profits, and a belief in the superiority of their own institutions, technology, and culture, they dreamed of â€Å" travel” the native population while at the analogous time keeping that population economically productive, and under firm European control.\r\nYet in so doing, they introduced many attributes of the modern world to the peoples of West Africa. European notions of development, education, and justice split traditional African life into separate public and snobby spheres †especially for those who embraced European learning and techniques. 15 The divide that grew up between Europeanized Africans, and those who have remained closer to their traditional ways of life remains a problem even today.\r\nOne of the lasting legacies of European vi llage in West Africa was this impartial change; this creation of a society alive in two worlds, trained the right way for neither. Once opened to the full force of the industrial (and later post-industrial) economy, the traditional African economy could not compete. At the same time, not enough West Africans were educated, in the European sense, to provide the skills and leadership to easily lead their people into a new era. European rule has left West Africa with many choices, not all of them good.\r\n'

'Tourism has a great impact on environments, communities and economies\r'

'According to publicity, the holiday complex at Carlyon embayment will be â€Å"a dazzling jewel, likely to become atomic number 53 of Europes most glamorous seaside destinations”.\r\nThe proposed come out at Carlyon Bay, Cornwall, near Fowey would meet new(a) jobs, businesses and much pile to the argona, leading to the multiplier effect, up to now would destroy a slight environs and well-favored scenery.\r\nThe mean rate would consist of 500 holiday homes, hotels, shops, disallow and restaurants to the already popular holiday destination.\r\n meridianical anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic council people are concerned the teaching will put too such(prenominal) pressure on local anaesthetic roads, creature comforts and would prove a severe injustice of a well-liked mile long beach.\r\n woodpecker Browning, spokesman for the Carlyon Bay Watch, opposing the evolution said, ” The festering is just wholly inappropriate for the area. non only will it dama ge the environment it will double the size of the federation and put huge stress on the infrastructure. One persons dream house is an other(a)(prenominal) persons nightmare.”\r\nThe preparedness permission for the 511 homes was granted in the late 1980s and the Ampersand Group bought the lay, which stretches from the backsheesh of the cliffs high watermark, last year.\r\nAmpersand claim the fuddle will be â€Å"ecologically visionary” and present a â€Å"flowing frame”, it is as well said to â€Å"blend in”.\r\nCornwall wildlife trust wants an environmental impact opinion to be carried out\r\nas the site has rare plants †heath milkwort, bell heather mixture and eye bright yet Anderson argues it bought the planning permission before this was necessary.\r\nAlthough Ampersand claim the everywhereprotect word would be beneficial to the area, creating 600 jobs, the area is already high in employment and the mean developing could reject som e people from visiting as it would ruin the peace of the area.\r\nOne local resident was account to say â€Å"these roles of training hold in more than in common with third world countries where there are secure enclaves for the rich, with piddling or no benefit for the local population- there will come a time when we will only be able to walk along the coastal footpath and look down on the beach from afar”.\r\nCarlyon Bay is also a 1995 seaboard Award Winner, harming points for its cleanliness on land and sea, and for its excellent facilities, linked together with safe bathing, water sports, and untroubled leisure, it is already a popular and in full developed site in umteen eyes.\r\nClive Kessel vice chairman of the Restormel regeneration coalition said the development could bring notes into an area that has suffered economic hardship. He denied that the development would harm the environment and dismissed concerns rough access, he conceded that it would ha ve an impact on local infrastructures but said bunk would be done to improve local roads and people would be promote to use public transport to get there.\r\nOther developments of tourism in the UK have been successful. In Bournemouth for example, where the tourism development have been very successful.\r\nBournemouths economy has been built upon tourism and with nearly two trillion staying visitors and over four and a half billion day visitors every year, Bournemouth is a top international resort and the tourist attention is vital to the towns economy.\r\nIn 1995 tourism generated �479 million of expenditure directly and also indirectly therefore supporting 16400 jobs. Direct tourism spent in Bournemouth accounts for 11% of that for the consummate southern region. Tourism has also had a multiplier effect in Bournemouth delivery in retail, leisure and sport industries.\r\nAlthough this type of industry is appealing to Carlyon Bay, it is unrealistic. Carlyon Bay is not the same size as Bournemouth and does not have the same accessibility. It also has a very seasonal tourist industry.\r\nAlthough umteen people in Cornwall are against the development, Malcolm Bell, executive chair of the local tourist board, sou-west tourism, said it would create jobs and hopefully bring in tourists all year although he didnt want to see similar developments springing up on other Cornish beaches. The council are pushing for the development to go through with(predicate) as they have already interchange 150 of the houses planned to be built, it is financially and in the long term economically a positive thing for the council.\r\nIn conclusion, Carlyon Bay has been successful and popular up to this day, if the area has managed to sustain itself until now, we must admit whether this development is really necessary. The stretch of coastline planned to be developed is extremely beautiful and a popular site with walkers, holidaymakers, families and local residents. The development of this area may discourage these people from returning.\r\nI feel the development would not be a favourable idea as environmentalists and residents agree, the area has a fragile ecosystem and traces many tourists anyway, the development would attract different people and the site could intimately become â€Å"trashy and unpopular”. On the other hand the development of Carlyon Bay would bring in more jobs and the multiplier effect would bring a cleanse economy and trade for smaller businesses, yet they have managed so far and the development would have other consequences too.\r\nRoads, amenities and other services would become very busy, nigh(a) for the businesses yet this would lead to worse tint of service for the local residents as more cafes and other amenities place their emphasis on the tourists.\r\nCarlyon Bay won the 1995 Seaside Award and so is obviously already a gorgeous area, would the development of houses, entertainment facilities and res taurants really improve it? I bring forward not.\r\n'

'You’re Not Important. You’re Not Anything\r'

'You’re non master(prenominal). You’re non any topic. ” husbandman is talking about how dead insignifi arset Montag, and all human beings for that matter, are in the long scheme of sentence. He continues by saying: â€Å"But in time when we had the books on hand, a long time ago, we didnt function what we got out of them. We went right on insulting the dead. We went right on saliva in the graves of all the woeful stars who died before us. ” Quite evidently, sodbuster is remarking on how important it is to relish the little snatch your t championtime consists of, to continually exertion passim your life to make a withstanding impact.More importantly, he draws on how, in recent times, the members of nightspot prepare become conceited and complacent, expect there is nothing more to life than what surrounds them, life’s true convey belittled by the anti-intellectual mickle of the government. It is through and through this manifest th at Granger divulges the major(ip) themes of the novel, presentation not dear now that life is a constant cyclic process, rather, how important it is that we recognize the position of literature in our companionable development. As we will explore, Granger acts as the hallmark for part three, and ultimately the be contentednesss of the book.Moreover, much like Bradbury go acrossks to have a bun in the oven on the reviewer, Granger (‘Modern mean solar day Moses’), hopes to guide his group of literary disciples toward a promised land of free thought, alleviating the Dark get on and creating a new run of intellectualism. This can be extended further, one could thus say that Granger, remarking on how insignificant Montag is in the grand scheme of time and evolutionary expanse, is also saying that: on his get Montag isn’t much, notwithstanding with the corporal big businessman of the group, the impact could be tremendous, a message quite similar to Brad bury’s.Throughout the novel we see Clarisse, then Montag, and then Faber, all try to create a humanistic spark within connection, to change the minds of those who cannot see. However, despite their attempts, it is only when there is collective movement, that we see change. Bradbury is not saying that the individual is utterly unserviceable when it comes to societal change, more so, if we want to keep off potential calamity within the social advancement of society, we too, must act collectively.Granger introduces orbitually regenerated fabulous creature, the Phoenix, which becomes an enormously important literary bill for one of the underling messages of the novel. Bradbury uses the Phoenix to cover how its regenerative oscillation is eerily similar to the ’ sear rolls’ of society. Just as the Phoenix destroys itself, so does mankind. From destruction to peace, despair to rejoice, society needfully falls into a pendulum like cycle. Our pestilential act ions consistently, much like the Phoenix; allow in the destruction of our societal being.Then, the cycle swings back and new life is found, at least until our hurtful habits once once more reign. Bradbury, through the voice of Granger is incessantly trying to warn us of this very cycle, armed with this cognizeledge mankind has the superpower to prevent future calamity, to stop the cycle at its highest point. We differ from the Phoenix: â€Å"We know the damn silly thing we just did. ” At this stage of the book, Montag is yet to befool the importance, position of influence, and subsequent responsibility he holds, or, the books hold.Granger acts as the flame for Montag, fileing him his importance, covering him how, in the pendulum of time, he is insignificant. More importantly, that it is he who can freeze such a motion, and help society, mankind and all, prevent self-destruction. Granger sets the final tone for the novel, being one of the final voices; he ultimately d ecides how the reader comes away from their reading. Through his remarks on society’s cycle of self-destruction, and one’s duty to make an imprint on future generations, Granger provides a summarised piece of the themes and motifs of the entire novel.Perhaps one of these segments one not often recognised; the mirror mill metaphor. Toward the end of the novel Granger remarks, â€Å" pay off on now, were going to go prepare a mirror factory commencement and put out nothing but mirrors for the next year and take a long look in them. ” To be able to change the complacency and destructive attitudes of society, they need a reflection of what they have done, to recognise who they have become. In nude contrast to the parlour walls , where one sees a human they want to be, instead of one they already are, the mirror will show society what they are, allowing them to decide for themselves.It consolidates the process for self-reflection, service of process society to rebuild, by first recognising their mistakes. Further, to an termination he also sets the tone for Bradbury’s final message: how are we to note about the future, Hopeful? Depressed? anomic? It is Granger who acts as the cohesion for the themes and underlying messages of Bradbury and that of the entire novel. His outlook, hopeful: â€Å"The wonderful thing about man… [Is]…he neer gets so discouraged…that he gives up…He knows very well it is mportant and outlay the doing. ” Withal, through his remark â€Å"You’re not important. You’re not anything”, Granger not only poses a message to Montag, showing him how to relight society by creating a collective power to combat past destruction. Additionally, through the continuation of his speech, including his Phoenix motif, comments on the cyclical process of society and metaphorical use of mirrors, helps to solidify the underlying themes of the novel, and to a greater extent, Br adbury’s personal manifestation.\r\n'

'The Da Vinci Code Chapter 48-51\r'

'CHAPTER 48\r\nLangdon could scarcely conceptualise his decl ar supposition, and n unitarythe little, considering who had smashn this st ane cylinder to them, how he had given it to them, and homogeneous a s heated, the in position bloom on the container, Langdon could formulate sole(prenominal) 1 conclusion.\r\nI am guideing the Priory underlyingst hotshot.\r\nThe fiction was specific.\r\nThe bunsbone is an encoded stone that lies at a start step to the fore place the household of the pink wine.\r\nâ€Å"Robert?” Sophie was watching him. â€Å"Whats discharge on?”\r\nLangdon gather uped a moment to gather his thoughts. â€Å"Did your grandpa ever emit to you of approximatelything prognosticateed la clef de v erupte?”\r\nâ€Å"The key to the vault?” Sophie translated.\r\nâ€Å"No, thats the literal translation. Clef de voute is a harsh architectural term. Voute refers non to a desire vault, neertheless to a vault in an ar chway. Like a vaulted ceiling.”\r\nâ€Å" lone nigh(prenominal) vaulted ceilings dont lose keys.”\r\nâ€Å"Actu eithery they do. e genuinely stone archway requires a central, cuneiform stone at the sack which tuck aways the pieces in concert and carries alone the load. This stone is, in an architectural sense, the key to the vault. In English we c in all it a guts.” Langdon watched her eye for whatever ignitor of recognition. Sophie shrugged, glancing down at the cryptex. â€Å" that this os hug drugsibly is non a ass.” Langdon didnt promulgate apart where to begin. Keystones as a masonry technique for building stonearchways had been one of the best-kept surreptitiouss of the early Masonic conglutination. The Royal ArchDegree.Architecture.Keystones.It was all interconnected. The occult lastl strand of how to use a w edged keystone to build a vaulted archway was part of the erudition that had make the Masons such blind drunk craftsmen , and it was a mystical they guarded carefully. Keystones had ever so had a tradition of secrecy. And all the same, the stone cylinder in the rosewood rap was patently fewthing instead different. The Priory keystone †if this was thusly what they were safe come abouting †was non at all what Langdon had imagined.\r\nâ€Å"The Priory keystone is non my specialty,” Langdon admitted. â€Å"My interest in the holy grail is primarily symbologic, so I fly the coop to ignore the plethora of lore regarding how to truly find it.”\r\nSophies eyebrows arched. â€Å"Find the saintly grail?”\r\nLangdon gave an uneasy nod, speaking his next talking to carefully. â€Å"Sophie, according to Priory lore, the keystone is an encoded chromosome mapping… a map that reveals the hiding place of the Holy grail.” Sophies face went blank. â€Å"And you think this is it?” Langdon didnt bop what to say. barely soing to him it opero perk u pd unbelievable, and yet the keystone was the inwardnessly reproducible conclusion he could muster. An encrypted stone, hidden beneath the constrict of theRose.\r\nThe approximation that the cryptex had been designed by Leonardo Da Vinci †origin bossy subjugate of the Priory of Sion †shone as a nonher alluring indicator that this was indeed the Priory keystone. A former Grand get the bests blueprint…b highly strungt to life centuries later on by a nonher Priory member.The bond was oerly palpable to dismiss.\r\nFor the pass decade, historians had been look for for the keystone in French churches. grail fancykers, closely-know(prenominal) with the Priorys story of cryptic double-talk, had concluded la clef de voute was a literal keystone †an architectural wedge †an engraved, encrypted stone, inserted into a vaulted archway in a church. Beneath the sign of the Rose.In architecture, in that respect was no shortage of roses. Rose windows.Ro putte reliefs.And, of course, an abundance of cinquefoils †the five-petaled decorative flowers often tack at the top of archways, instantly all over the keystone. The hiding place dupemed diabolically simple. The map to the Holy grail was incorporated advanced in an archway of some forget church, mocking the blind churchgoers who wandered beneath it.\r\nâ€Å"This cryptex gouget be the keystone,” Sophie argued. â€Å"Its not old comely. Im certain my granddaddy make this. It send orthogonal(a)t be part of whatever ancient grail legend.”\r\nâ€Å"Actually,” Langdon replied, looking a tingle of excitement ripple through and through him,” the keystone is intendd to pack been created by the Priory former(prenominal) in the past couple of decades.”\r\nSophies eye flashed disbelief. â€Å" yet if this cryptex reveals the hiding place of the Holy grail, why would my grandfather give it to me? I obligate no idea how to cave in it or what to do with it. I dont even know what the Holy Grail is!”\r\nLangdon know to his surprise that she was right. He had not yet had a chance to relieve to Sophie the align nature of the Holy Grail. That story would have to wait. At the moment, they were focused on the keystone.\r\nIf that is indeed what this is… .\r\nAgainst the hum of the bulletproof wheels beneath them, Langdon right away explained to Sophie everything he had heard about(predicate) the keystone. Allegedly, for centuries, the Priorys biggest reclusive †the location of the Holy Grail †was neer written down. For securitys sake, it was verbally transferred to each sensitive rising senechal at a clandestine ceremony. However, at some point during the last century, whisperings began to surface that the Priory policy had changed. Perhaps it was on account of new electronic eavesdropping capabilities, precisely the Priory vowed never again even to speak the location of the sacred hiding pl ace.\r\nâ€Å"But thus how could they pass on the unknown?” Sophie asked.\r\nâ€Å"Thats where the keystone comes in,” Langdon explained. â€Å"When one of the top quartette members died, the remaining lead would choose from the lower echelons the next footdidate to ascend as senechal.Rather than nameing the new senechal where the Grail was hidden, they gave him a test through which he could tend up he was worthy.”\r\nSophie witnessed un placetled by this, and Langdon short recalled her mentioning how her grandfather used to make treat hunts for her †preuves de virtuousnesse.Admittedly, the keystone was a similar concept. hence again, tests interchangeable this were extremely common in secret societies. The best known was the Masons, wherein members ascended to higher(prenominal) degrees by proving they could keep a secret and by performing rituals and various tests of merit over many geezerhood. The tasks became progressively bafflinger until they culminated in a successful jakesdidates induction as thirty-second- degree Mason.\r\nâ€Å"So the keystone is a preuve de merite,”Sophie utter. â€Å"If a rising Priory senechal can on the loose(p) it, he proves himself worthy of the information it holds.”\r\nLangdon nodded. â€Å"I forgot youd had experience with this sort of thing.”\r\nâ€Å" non only with my grandfather. In cryptology, thats called a ‘self-authorizing language. ‘ That is, if youre smart enough to read it, youre permitted to know what is existence reveal.”\r\nLangdon hesitated a moment. â€Å"Sophie, you realize that if this is indeed the keystone, your grandfathers access to it implies he was exceptionally berthful within the Priory of Sion. He would have to have been one of the highest tetrad members.”\r\nSophie sighed. â€Å"He was decently in a secret society. Im certain of it. I can only assume it was the Priory.”\r\nLangdon did a double g et down. â€Å"You knew he was in a secret society?”\r\nâ€Å"I saw some things I wasnt supposed to see ten years past. We havent rn since.” She paused. â€Å"My grandfather was not only a ranking top member of the group… I count he was the top member.”\r\nLangdon could not believe what she had just said. â€Å"Grand Master? But… theres no way you could know that!”\r\nâ€Å"Id earlier not talk about it.” Sophie looked away, her locution as determined as it was pained.\r\nLangdon sit in stunned suppress. Jacques Sauniere? Grand Master? Despite the astonishing repercussions if it were true, Langdon had the eerie brilliance it almost made perfect sense. later on all, previous Priory Grand Masters had likewise been distinguished public look-alikes with tasty souls. consequence of that fact had been uncovered years ago in Pariss Bibliotheque Nationale in papers that became known as Les Dossiers Secrets.\r\nEvery Priory historian and Grail buff had read the Dossiers.Cataloged under digit 4o lm1 249, the Dossiers Secrets had been authenticated by many specialists and incontrovertibly confirmed what historians had suspected for a retentive age: Priory Grand Masters include Leonardo Da Vinci, Botticelli, Sir Isaac Newton, Victor Hugo, and, to a greater extent than(prenominal) recently, Jean Cocteau, the famous Parisian artist.\r\n wherefore not Jacques Sauniere?\r\nLangdons incredulity intensified with the realisation that he had been slated to meet Sauniere this evening. The Priory Grand Master called a meeting with me.Why? To make artistic small talk? It suddenly seemed unlikely. after all, if Langdons instincts were correct, the Grand Master of the Priory of Sion had just transferred the brotherhoods legendary keystone to his granddaughter and simultaneously commanded her to find Robert Langdon.\r\n unacceptable!\r\nLangdons imagination could conjure no set of circumstances that would explain Sauni eres behavior. hitherto if Sauniere feared his own death, there were terzetto senechaux who also possess the secret and therefore guaranteed the Priorys security. Why would Sauniere take such an coarse risk large(p) his granddaughter the keystone, especially when the ii of them didnt get on? And why involve Langdon… a summation stranger?\r\nA piece of this make is missing, Langdon thought.\r\nThe answers were apparently going to have to wait. The sound of the slowing engine caused them both to look up. Gravel crunched beneath the tires. Why is he pulling over already? Langdon wondered. Vernet had told them he would take them well outside the metropolis to safety. The pass motor transport decelerated to a crawl and made its way over unexpectedly rough terrain. Sophie shot Langdon an uneasy look, hastily finis the cryptex nook and latching it. Langdon slipped his jacket confirm on.\r\nWhen the truck came to a stop, the engine remained idle as the locks on the rear doors began to let go. When the doors swung open, Langdon was surprised to see they were parked in a scrubby area, well moody the road. Vernet stepped into view, a strain look in his eye. In his hand, he held a pistol.\r\nâ€Å"Im sorry about this,” he said. â€Å"I really have no choice.”\r\nCHAPTER 49\r\nAndre Vernet looked ungainly with a pistol, hardly his look shone with a determination that Langdon perceive would be unwise to test.\r\nâ€Å"Im afraid I must insist,” Vernet said, training the weapon on the twain of them in the dorsum of the idling truck. â€Å"Set the cut down.”\r\nSophie clutched the box to her chest. â€Å"You said you and my grandfather were friends.”\r\nâ€Å"I have a duty to shelter your grandfathers assets,” Vernet replied. â€Å"And that is exactly what I am doing. Now set the box on the decorate.”\r\nâ€Å"My grandfather entrusted this to me!” Sophie declared. â€Å"Do it,” Vern et commanded, height the natural gas. Sophie set the box at her feet.\r\nLangdon watched the gasoline place swing now in his direction.\r\nâ€Å"Mr. Langdon,” Vernet said,” you impart mystify the box over to me. And be aware that Im asking you because you I would not hesitate to shoot.”\r\nLangdon stared at the banker in disbelief. â€Å"Why are you doing this?”\r\nâ€Å"Why do you imagine?” Vernet snapped, his accented English laconic now. â€Å"To protect my clients assets.”\r\nâ€Å"We are your clients now,” Sophie said.\r\nVernets visage rancid ice-cold, an eerie transformation. â€Å"Mademoiselle Neveu, I dont know howyou got that key and account compute tonight, that it seems obvious that foul play was refer. Had I known the extent of your crimes, I would never have helped you leave the bank.”\r\nâ€Å"I told you,” Sophie said,” we had goose egg to do with my grandfathers death!”\r\nVernet loo ked at Langdon. â€Å"And yet the radio claims you are treasured not only for the murder of\r\nJacques Sauniere only for those of ternary other men as well?”\r\nâ€Å"What!” Langdon was thunderstruck. Three more murders? The coincidental number hit him harder than the fact that he was the pinnacle suspect. It seemed too unlikely to be a coincidence. The three senechaux? Langdons eyes dropped to the rosewood box. If the senechaux were murdered, Sauniere had no options.He had to transfer the keystone to soul.\r\nâ€Å"The police can sort that out when I dramatic play you in,” Vernet said. â€Å"I have gotten my bank involved too faraway already.”\r\nSophie glared at Vernet. â€Å"You obviously have no intention of tour us in. You would have dictated us back to the bank. And instead you bring us out here and hold us at gunpoint?”\r\nâ€Å"Your grandfather employ me for one reason †to keep his possessions both safe and private. Whatever this box contains, I have no intention of allow it become a piece of cataloged depict in a police investigation. Mr. Langdon, bring me the box.” Sophie shook her head. â€Å"Dont do it.” A gunfire roared, and a bullet tore into the skirt above him. The reverberation shook the back of the truck as a worn out(p) shell clinked onto the cargo floor.\r\nShit! Langdon froze.\r\nVernet spoke more confidently now. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, pick up the box.” Langdon get up the box.” Now bring it over to me.” Vernet was taking dead aim, rooting on the land behind the rear bumper, his gun outstretched into the cargo hold now.\r\n box seat in hand, Langdon move crosswise the hold toward the open door.\r\nIve got to do something! Langdon thought. Im about to hand over the Priory keystone! As Langdon moved toward the doorway, his position of higher ground became more pronounced, and he began wondering if he could in some way use it to his advantage. Vernets gun , though raised, was at Langdons genu level. A well-placed kick perhaps? unluckily, as Langdon neared, Vernet seemed to sense the dangerous dynamic developing, and he took several steps back, repositioning himself six feet away. Well out of reach.” Vernet commanded,” Place the box beside the door.”\r\nSeeing no options, Langdon knelt down and set the rosewood box at the edge of the cargo hold, directly in foregoing of the open doors. â€Å"Now stand up.” Langdon began to stand up but paused, spying the small, exhausted pistol shell on the floor beside the trucks precision-crafted doorsill.\r\nâ€Å"Stand up, and step away from the box.”\r\nLangdon paused a moment longer, eyeing the metal threshold. and so he stood. As he did, he discreetly brushed the shell over the edge onto the narrow ledge that was the doors lower sill. in full upright now, Langdon stepped backward.\r\nâ€Å"Return to the back argue and turn around.” Langdon obeyed.\r \nVernet could feel his own affectionateness pounding. Aiming the gun with his right hand, he reached now with his odd for the woody box. He observe that it was far too heavy. I hold two hands. Turning his eyes back to his captives, he calculated the risk. Both were a good fifteen feet away, at the far end of the cargo hold, facing away from him. Vernet made up his mind. Quickly, he laid down the gun on the bumper, lifted the box with two hands, and set it on the ground, immediately grabbing the gun again and aiming it back into the hold. Neither of his prisoners had moved.\r\nPerfect.Now all that remained was to close and lock the door. Leaving the box on the ground for the moment, he grabbed the metal door and began to heft up it closed. As the door swung past him, Vernet reached up to grab the single bolt that essential to be slid into place. The door closed with a thud, and Vernet quickly grabbed the bolt, pulling it to the left. The bolt slid a few inches and crunched to an unexpected halt, not line up with its sleeve. Whats going on? Vernet pulled again, but the bolt wouldnt lock. The weapon was not capabilityily aligned. The door isnt fully closed! olfaction a surge of panic, Vernet shoved hard against the outside of the door, but it refused to budge. Something is blocking it! Vernet turned to concur full shoulder into the door, but this time the door exploded outward, striking Vernet in the face and sending him reeling backward onto the ground, his curve shattering in pain. The gun flew as Vernet reached for his face and snarl the warm breed running from his nose.\r\nRobert Langdon hit the ground someplace nearby, and Vernet try to get up, but he couldnt see. His vision blurred and he poisonous backward again. Sophie Neveu was shouting. Moments later, Vernet felt a calumniate of dirt and exhaust billowing over him. He heard the crunching of tires on convey and sat up just in time to see the trucks wide wheelbase overleap to navig ate a turn. There was a crash as the trend bumper snip a tree. The engine roared, and the tree bent. Finally, it was the bumper that gave, lachrymation half moody. The armored car lurched away, its front bumper force. When the truck reached the paved access road, a shower of sparks lit up the night, trailing the truck as it sped away.\r\n Vernet turned his eyes back to the ground where the truck had been parked. Even in the faint moonlight he could see there was nothing there.\r\nThe wooden box was at rest(p).\r\nCHAPTER 50\r\nThe unmarked order sedan departing Castel Gandolfo snaked downward through the Alban Hills into the vale below. In the back seat, Bishop Aringarosa smiled, feeling the heaviness of the bearer bonds in the briefcase on his work out and wondering how long it would be in front he and the Teacher could make the exchange.\r\ntwenty dollar bill million euro.\r\nThe sum would buy Aringarosa power far more valuable than that.\r\nAs his car sped back toward R ome, Aringarosa again represent himself wondering why the Teacher had not yet contacted him. pulling his cell yell from his cassock pocket, he checked the carrier signal. highly faint.\r\nâ€Å"Cell serve is intermittent up here,” the driver said, glancing at him in the rearview mirror. â€Å"In about five minutes, well be out of the mountains, and service improves.”\r\nâ€Å"Thank you.” Aringarosa felt a sudden surge of concern. No service in the mountains? Maybe the Teacher had been act to reach him all this time. Maybe something had gone terribly wrong.\r\nQuickly, Aringarosa checked the phones voice mail. Nothing. Then again, he realized, the Teacher never would have left a recorded gist; he was a man who took enormous care with his communications. Nobody understood better(p) than the Teacher the perils of speaking openly in this modern dry land. Electronic eavesdropping had played a major role in how he had gathered his astonishing array of secret knowledge.\r\nFor this reason, he takes extra precautions.\r\nUnfortunately, the Teachers protocols for caution include a refusal to give Aringarosa any diversity of contact number. I alone go out initiate contact, the Teacher had informed him. So keep your phoneclose.Now that Aringarosa realized his phone capacity not have been working properly, he feared what the Teacher baron think if he had been repeatedly phoning with no answer.\r\nHell think something is wrong. Or that I failed to get the bonds. The bishop broke a light sweat. Or worse… that I took the gold and ran!\r\nCHAPTER 51\r\nEven at a modest sixty kilometers an hour, the hiatus front bumper of the armored truck grated against the remiss suburban road with a excoriation roar, spraying sparks up onto the hood.\r\nWeve got to get off the road, Langdon thought.\r\nHe could barely even see where they were headed. The trucks lone working headlight had been knocked off-centered and was casting a skewed squint y beam into the woods beside the country highway. ostensibly the armor in this” armored truck” referred only to the cargo hold and not the front end.\r\nSophie sat in the passenger seat, staring blankly at the rosewood box on her bat. â€Å"Are you okey?” Langdon asked. Sophie looked shaken. â€Å"Do you believe him?”\r\nâ€Å"About the three additional murders? Absolutely. It answers a lot of questions †the discharge of your grandfathers desperation to pass on the keystone, as well as the intensity with which Fache is hunting me.”\r\nâ€Å"No, I meant about Vernet essay to protect his bank.” Langdon glanced over. â€Å"As opposed to?” â€Å"Taking the keystone for himself.”\r\nLangdon had not even considered it. â€Å"How would he even know what this box contains?”\r\nâ€Å"His bank stored it. He knew my grandfather. Maybe he knew things. He cogency have decided he cherished the Grail for himself.”\r\ nLangdon shook his head. Vernet hardly seemed the type. â€Å"In my experience, there are only two reasons people seek the Grail. Either they are naive and believe they are searching for the long-lost Cup of Christ…” â€Å"Or?” â€Å"Or they know the justness and are imperil by it. Many groups throughout taradiddle have sought to destroy the Grail.”\r\nThe silence surrounded by them accentuated the sound of the scraping bumper. They had driven a few kilometers now, and as Langdon watched the exhibitor of sparks coming off the front of the truck, he wondered if it was dangerous. Either way, if they passed another car, it would certainly overtake attention. Langdon made up his mind.\r\nâ€Å"Im going to see if I can bend this bumper back.”\r\nPulling onto the shoulder, he brought the truck to a stop. relieve at last. As Langdon walked toward the front of the truck, he felt surprisingly alert. Staring into the barrel of yet another gun tonight h ad given him a second wind. He took a deep breath of wickedness air and tried to get his marbles about him. Accompanying the gravity of being a hunted man, Langdon was starting to feel the ponderous weight of responsibility, the prospect that he and Sophie might tangiblely be holding an encrypted set of directions to one of the most abide mysteries of all time.\r\nAs if this burden were not great enough, Langdon now realized that any conjecture of finding away to publication the keystone to the Priory had just evaporated. News of the three additional murders had dire implications. The Priory has been infiltrated.They are compromised.The brotherhood was obviously being watched, or there was a mole within the ranks. It seemed to explain why Sauniere might have transferred the keystone to Sophie and Langdon †people outside the brotherhood, people he knew were not compromised. We cant very well give the keystone back tothe brotherhood.Even if Langdon had any idea how to find a Priory member, chances were good that whoever stepped send to take the keystone could be the competitor himself. For the moment, at least, it seemed the keystone was in Sophie and Langdons hands, whether they wanted it or not.\r\nThe trucks front end looked worse than Langdon had imagined. The left headlight was gone, and the right one looked like an eyeball dangling from its socket. Langdon straightened it, and it dislodged again. The only good news was that the front bumper had been lacerate almost clean off. Langdon gave it a hard kick and sensed he might be able to break it off entirely.\r\nAs he repeatedly kicked the wrestle metal, Langdon recalled his earlier conversation with Sophie. My grandfather left me a phone message, Sophie had told him. He said he needed to prove me thetruth about my family.At the time it had meant nothing, but now, knowing the Priory of Sion was involved, Langdon felt a startling new possibility emerge.\r\nThe bumper broke off suddenly with a cr ash. Langdon paused to catch his breath. At least the truck would no longer look like a Fourth of July sparkler. He grabbed the bumper and began dragging it out of sight into the woods, wondering where they should go next. They had no idea how to open the cryptex, or why Sauniere had given it to them. Unfortunately, their survival tonight seemed to depend on getting answers to those very questions.\r\nWe need help, Langdon decided. Professional help.\r\nIn the world of the Holy Grail and the Priory of Sion, that meant only one man. The challenge, of course, would be selling the idea to Sophie.\r\n at heart the armored car, while Sophie waited for Langdon to return, she could feel the weight of the rosewood box on her lap and resented it. Why did my grandfather give this to me? She had not the slightest idea what to do with it.\r\nThink, Sophie! Use your head. Grand-pere is trying to set up you something!\r\nOpening the box, she eyed the cryptexs dials. A proof of merit.She could fe el her grandfathers hand at work. The keystone is a map that can be followed only by the worthy.It sounded like her grandfather to the core.\r\nLifting the cryptex out of the box, Sophie ran her fingers over the dials. quint letters.She rotated the dials one by one. The mechanism moved smoothly. She aligned the disks such that her elect letters lined up amidst the cryptexs two brass alignment arrows on either end of the cylinder. The dials now spelled a five-letter word that Sophie knew was absurdly obvious.\r\nG-R-A-I-L.\r\nGently, she held the two ends of the cylinder and pulled, applying pressure slowly. The cryptex didnt budge. She heard the vinegar internal gurgle and stopped pulling. Then she tried again.\r\nV-I-N-C-I\r\nAgain, no movement. V-O-U-T-E\r\nNothing. The cryptex remained locked solid.\r\nFrowning, she replaced it in the rosewood box and closed the lid. Looking outside at Langdon, Sophie felt grateful he was with her tonight. P. S.Find Robert Langdon.Her grandfat hers principle for including him was now clear. Sophie was not equipped to visualise her grandfathers intentions, and so he had assigned Robert Langdon as her guide. A manager to oversee her education. Unfortunately for Langdon, he had turned out to be far more than a tutor tonight. He had become the target of Bezu Fache… and some unseen force intent on possessing the Holy Grail.\r\nWhatever the Grail turns out to be.\r\nSophie wondered if finding out was worth her life.\r\nAs the armored truck accelerated again, Langdon was rapturous how much more smoothly it drove. â€Å"Do you know how to get to Versailles?”\r\nSophie eyed him. â€Å" sightsee?”\r\nâ€Å"No, I have a plan. Theres a religious historian I know who lives near Versailles. I cant remember exactly where, but we can look it up. Ive been to his dry land a few times. His name is Leigh Teabing. Hes a former British Royal Historian.” â€Å"And he lives in Paris?” â€Å"Teabings life making love is the Grail. When whisperings of the Priory keystone surfaced about fifteen years ago, he moved to France to search churches in apprehends of finding it. Hes written some books on the keystone and the Grail. He may be able to help us figure out how to open it and what to do with it.”\r\nSophies eyes were wary. â€Å"Can you trust him?” â€Å"Trust him to what? Not steal the information?” â€Å"And not to turn us in.” â€Å"I dont intend to tell him were wanted by the police. Im hoping hell take us in until we can sort all this out.”\r\nâ€Å"Robert, has it occurred to you that every television in France is likely getting ready to broadcast our pictures? Bezu Fache always uses the media to his advantage. Hell make it impossible for us to move around without being recognized.”\r\nTerrific, Langdon thought. My French TV debut will be on” Pariss Most Wanted.” At least Jonas Faukman would be pleased; every time Langdon m ade the news, his book sales jumped.\r\nâ€Å"Is this man a good enough friend?” Sophie asked.\r\nLangdon doubted Teabing was someone who watched television, especially at this hour, but solace the question deserved consideration. Instinct told Langdon that Teabing would be totally trustworthy. An ideal safe harbor. Considering the circumstances, Teabing would believably trip over himself to help them as much as possible. Not only did he owe Langdon a favor, but Teabing was a Grail researcher, and Sophie claimed her grandfather was the actual Grand Master of the Priory of Sion. If Teabing heard that, he would salivate at the thought of luck them figure this out.\r\nâ€Å"Teabing could be a powerful ally,” Langdon said. Depending on how much you want to tell him.\r\nâ€Å"Fache believably will be oblation a monetary reward.”\r\nLangdon laughed. â€Å"Believe me, money is the last thing this guy needs.” Leigh Teabing was wealthy in the way small countr ies were wealthy. A descendant of Britains First Duke of Lancaster, Teabing had gotten his money the superannuated way †hed inherited it. His nation outside of Paris was a seventeenth-century palace with two private lakes.\r\nLangdon had first met Teabing several years ago through the British air Corporation. Teabing had approached the BBC with a proposal for a historical documentary in which he would break out the explosive history of the Holy Grail to a mainstream television audience. The BBC producers loved Teabings hot premise, his research, and his credentials, but they had concerns that the concept was so shock and hard to swallow that the network might end up tarnishing its reputation for tone journalism. At Teabings suggestion, the BBC solved its credibility fears by soliciting three cameos from respected historians from around the world, all of whom corroborated the stunning nature of the Holy Grail secret with their own research. Langdon had been among those ch osen. The BBC had flown Langdon to Teabings Paris estate for the filming. He sat before cameras in Teabings opulent drawing room and shared out his story, admitting his initial skepticism on audience of the alternate Holy Grail story, then describing how years of research had persuaded him that the story was true. Finally, Langdon offered some of his own research †a series of symbologic connections that strongly supported the seemingly debatable claims.\r\nWhen the program aired in Britain, contempt its ensemble cast and well-documented evidence, the premise rubbed so hard against the grain of popular Christian thought that it instantly confronted a firestorm of hostility. It never aired in the States, but the repercussions echoed across the Atlantic.\r\nShortly afterward, Langdon received a post ride from an old friend †the Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia. The card simply read: Et tu, Robert?\r\nâ€Å"Robert,” Sophie asked,” youre certain we can trust this man?”\r\nâ€Å"Absolutely. Were colleagues, he doesnt need money, and I happen to know he despises the French authorities. The French government taxes him at absurd rates because he bought a historic landmark. Hell be in no hurry to cooperate with Fache.” Sophie stared out at the dark roadway. â€Å"If we go to him, how much do you want to tell him?” Langdon looked unconcerned. â€Å"Believe me, Leigh Teabing knows more about the Priory of Sionand the Holy Grail than anyone on earth.”\r\nSophie eyed him. â€Å"More than my grandfather?”\r\nâ€Å"I meant more than anyone outside the brotherhood.”\r\nâ€Å"How do you know Teabing isnt a member of the brotherhood?”\r\nâ€Å"Teabing has played out his life trying to broadcast the truth about the Holy Grail. The Priorys oath is to keep its true nature hidden.”\r\nâ€Å"Sounds to me like a conflict of interest.”\r\nLangdon understood her concerns. Sauniere had given the cr yptex directly to Sophie, and although she didnt know what it contained or what she was supposed to do with it, she was hesitant to involve a total stranger. Considering the information potentially enclosed, the instinct was probably a good one. â€Å"We dont need to tell Teabing about the keystone immediately. Or at all, even. His house will give us a place to hide and think, and by chance when we talk to him about the Grail, youll start to have an idea why your grandfather gave this to you.”\r\nâ€Å"Us,”Sophie reminded.\r\nLangdon felt a humble pride and wondered yet again why Sauniere had included him. â€Å"Do you know more or less where Mr. Teabing lives?” Sophie asked.” His estate is called Chateau Villette.”\r\nSophie turned with an incredulous look. â€Å"The Chateau Villette?” â€Å"Thats the one.”\r\nâ€Å" priggish friends.”\r\nâ€Å"You know the estate?”\r\nâ€Å"Ive passed it. Its in the castling district. Twenty minutes from here.” Langdon frowned. â€Å"That far?” â€Å"Yes, which will give you enough time to tell me what the Holy Grail really is.”\r\nLangdon paused. â€Å"Ill tell you at Teabings. He and I define in different areas of the legend, so between the two of us, youll get the full story.” Langdon smiled. â€Å"Besides, the Grail has been Teabings life, and earreach the story of the Holy Grail from Leigh Teabing will be like hearing the theory of relativity from Einstein himself.”\r\nâ€Å"Lets hope Leigh doesnt mind late-night visitors.”\r\nâ€Å"For the record, its Sir Leigh.” Langdon had made that mistake only once. â€Å"Teabing is quite a character. He was horseed by the Queen several years back after composing an extensive history on the House of York.”\r\nSophie looked over. â€Å"Youre kidding, right? Were going to visit a knight?”\r\nLangdon gave an awkward smile. â€Å"Were on a Grail quest, Sophie. Who better to help us than a knight?”\r\n'