Sordaria Fimicola Crossings Linkage Analysis And Frequency Biology Essay

AbstractionThe intent of this probe is to find the frequence of meiotic divisions analyzed from intercrossed crossings collected from different strains of the fungus Sordaria fimicola. The experiment was conducted to show intercrossed crossings with MI and MII forms of ascospores within the asci. Over the class of seven yearss, the sample of Sordaria was incubated and fused under research lab conditions. In the outer countries of the blocks of agar, hyphae growing from the mutant sunburn strain ( t-g+ ) and wild-type black strain ( t+g+ ) was seeable through the â€Å" X-shaped † and outer rims of the Petri dish. By placing the sums of non-hybrid and intercrossed MI and MII asci, the observation of ascospores within the asci displayed the one possible form of MI, and the four possible forms of MII. The first portion of the laboratory experiment formed a hypothesis foretelling that 8 ascospores would ensue from two phases of Meiosis and one phase of Mitosis. After ciphering the frequence of traversing over, the map distance of the cistron to the kinetochore in the sunburn colored cistron observed was 32 map units, significantly different from the projected void hypothesis and expected 26 map units.IntroductionMany research probes utilize the common fungus Sordaria fimicola as a primary and dependable theoretical account being for exposing genetic sciences due to its house construction and life rhythm. Maping the distance between the tan cistron ( t-g+ ) and the centromere requires careful readying of a amalgamate sample of Sordaria already incorporating intercrossed and non intercrossed agreem ents in the ascus. By mensurating the sums of intercrossed MI ( non-crossover ) asci and MII ( crossing over ) asci, and ciphering the frequence of crossing over, the per centum of Asci may besides be calculated from the rate of crossing overs throughout the experiment. With an apprehension of frequence of crossing over, biological political orientations such as version, mutant, and recombination are expressed to the full within the experiment. The void hypothesis provinces that there will non be a considerable difference between the expected 26 map units and the ascertained map distance from the gathered category informations ( Helms, Kosinski, Cummings, 350 ) . Corporate attempt from each bench to cipher the right sum of asci assigned will surely impact the frequence of computation and rejection or credence of the void hypothesis. Biological development closely relates to the procedure of Sordaria crossing overs. Mendel ‘s Law of Independent Assortment is straight validated through the life rhythm of the fungus. As a member of Ascomycota, Sordaria fimicola patterns â€Å" rigorous sexual reproduction † , and provides the easiest visual image of miosis I, II, and mitotic division found in the ascus ( Volk ) . Some features that display the relaxation of observation prevarication in the Sordaria fimicola construction. Elongated nature of the ascus prevents the imbrication of ascospores. Therefore, carefully ruptured perithecia are justly lined up harmonizing to the production of miosis of sunburn and black spores: doing it comparatively easier to execute with more efficiency in numbering MI and MII forms. With its phenotype about tantamount to its genotype, due to the absence of another dominant allelomorph, the accurate physical traits are examined straight from the familial make-up of Sordaria ( H elms, Kosinski, Cummings, 334 ) . During intercrossed crossing overs in Prophase I, a four forms four haploid karyon, each of which so form two monoploid karyon, taking to a sum of eight ascospores in a individual ascus. Generally, Sordaria is a common fungus for genetic sciences research because of assorted grounds centered on the relaxation in the presentation of Meiosis, observation of construction, and/or behaviour of its life rhythm. Growth of the Sordaria fungus is a important factor and dependent variable carried out throughout the survey. The Ascomycota fungus merely grows under the conditions of break uping flora, doing it available for foods to be absorbed and increase hyphae growing and extension ( â€Å" Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola † ) . The consequences of this survey could lend to a broader cognition of mutant, biodiversity, and segregation. Further applications towards look intoing meiotic and mitotic crossing overs and map distances may shortly suggest new readings of Mendel ‘s Torahs.Materials and MethodsDuring hebdomad one of the experiment, wild -type black ( + ) and mutant sunburn ( T ) civilizations of Sordaria fimicola were obtained and while utilizing sterile technique, placed in a unfertile Petri dish divided into four subdivisions labeled for the two cistron colourss. After a metal spatula was disinfected into 95 % ethyl alcohol, it was heated utilizing a Bunsen burner and cooled for 10 to 15 seconds. While carefully raising the palpebra of the Petri dish somewhat to forestall taint, a block of agar was removed and transferred faced down for mycelium linkage and traversing agar. After re-flaming the spatula and reiterating proper sterile technique, the procedure was repeated with wild type ( + ) black strain and two mutation ( T ) sunburn strains positioned on the Markss of the Petri dish bespeaking the labelled asset ( + ) mark. After all necessary blocks of agar have been placed in the proper subdivisions of the Petri dish, the home bases were incubated in 22 to 24A °C temperature in the dark for 7 yearss. During hebdomad two, a home base of Sordaria fimicola incorporating the merger of black and tan strains were obtained for the analysis of loanblends and non loanblends within the 8 produced ascospores. Using a toothpick, the surface of the home base along the â€Å" X-shaped country † was scraped gently to roll up a sample of perithecia. A slide of perithecia was prepared by dropping H2O on a slide the collected perithecia, and so secured with a coverslip. Before puting the slide under a 10x Objective microscope, the slide was foremost gently pressured with a pencil eraser or tantamount force per unit area arrow tearing the perithecia without destructing the construction of the ascus. Using the microscope, slides were examined to turn up loanblend and non intercrossed asci. Class information on Numberss of MI, MII, Total Asci, per centum of crossing over, and frequence were calculated. A Chi -Square Test was performed since necessary. ( Helms, Kosinski, Cummings 336 -350 ) .Co nsequencesBench DataBench # of MI Asci 4+4 # of MII Asci 2+2+2+2 2+4+2 Entire ( MI+ MII ) % Asci Showing Crossover Frequency/2 ( Map Units ) A 8 12 20 60 % 30 Bacillus 5 5 10 50 % 25 C 13 14 27 52 % 26 Calciferol 9 11 20 55 % 27.5 Tocopherol 7 13 20 65 % 32.5 F 49 110 159 69 % 34.6 Gram 8 12 20 60 % 30Class Data ( sums )# of MI Asci 4+4 # of MII Asci 2+2+2+2 2+4+2 Entire MI +MII % of Asci Showing Crossover Frequency /2 ( Map Units )9917727664 %32I†¡A? = I? ( Observed – Expected ) A?__________________ i? I†¡A? = 16.291Expected P & lt ; 0.001, reject void hypothesis because 26 a†° 32 Degree of freedom ( d?’ ) = 1DiscussionBased on the single bench consequences, the figure of entire MI and MII asci counted depended on the figure of asci assigned per individual. For illustration, since there were merely two bench members in Bench B and each bench member in the category were assigned to happen and number 5 intercrossed crossing overs each, accordingly, there was a sum of 10 MI and MII asci for Bench B, shown on the tabular array. Harmonizing to the Biology Lab manual, 26 map units was the published map distance of the sunburn spore cistron from the kinetochore ( Helms 350 ) . The degree of frequence is closely related to how â€Å" slackly † or â€Å" tightly † linked cistrons are on the chromosome. For this experiment, the divergences between the frequences of the benches separately does non look drastic, although the consequences from Bench F shows a rebuff over computation of entire asci counted, hence ensuing with the highest frequence degree of 34.6, manner over the expected 26 map units. Analyzing the category informations as a whole, with 276 entire MI and MII Asci counted, the per centum ( % ) of Asci demoing crossing over was 64 % , giving a frequence of 32 map units. In order to warrant if there is a important difference between the 32 map units observed and the 26 map units expected, we perform a Chi -Square computation. With I†¡A? bing 16.291, my decision is that the category information demonstrates a much higher frequence than expected. The grade of freedom ( d?’ ) for the experiment was 1, from n-1, with 2 properties MI and MII. Since the chance value ( P ) was greater than ( & gt ; ) 0.05, we rejected the void hypothesis and accepted the alternate hypothesis asseverating that our ascertained frequence of 32 map units is significantly different from the expected 26 map units provided by published consequences. Possible Beginnings of mistake can be closely examined from the bench informations consequences. Besides an over computation of MI and MII asci, mentioned earlier that produced inconsistent figures, another beginning of misreckoning may hold come from counting/including intercrossed crossing overs that had a 3-1-2 or 2-3-1 unnatural agreement. Many times pupils were obligated to reconstitute a new slide of perithecia because their slide either did non hold adequate loanblends, or they ruptured the vulnerable perithecia falsely, turn outing really clip devouring. Overall, the conducted lab was precise in ciphering the frequence. Sordaria fimicola probes have multiple intents and applications. If conducted right, the fungus demonstrates an accurate agreement of spores ensuing from the meiotic and mitotic divisions. In a really similar research lab experiment, Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola, the same attacks of the two labs shared common processs including: traversing a wild type and mutant type cistron, turning the hyphae in decomposing flora, and ciphering the familial map distances. Calculating the figure of map units will be consistent throughout most Sordaria fimicola surveies because the frequence of traversing over is ever divided by 2 ( because frequence of recombination is precisely.5 of frequence crossed over ) proved in most probes. The relaxation of turning agar on Petri dishes and traversing a wild type and mutant cistron additions recombination of familial stuff, taking to additions in the scope of genotypes, paving a manner towards future additions in biological development.Menti onsHelms, Doris R. , Carl W. Helms, Robert J. Kosinski, and John R. Cummings. Biology in the Laboratory Third Edition: Biol 1161 & A ; Biol 1162: Intoduction to Biological Sciences Laboratory University of Houston. Third. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1998. 334-352. Print. â€Å" Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola. † n. pag. Web. 8 Mar 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lehigh.edu/~mrk5/bios116 % 20- % 20sordaria.pdf & gt ; . Volk, Tom. â€Å" Sordaria Fimicola, a fungus used in genetic sciences. † n. pag. Web. 6 Mar 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/mar2007.html & gt ; .

Advantages and disadvantages of the literal rule Essay

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Managing the brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Make Good CV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Affordable Healthcare Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Maryland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Spring Festival Essay Example for Free

Spring Festival Essay Spring Festival is the most joyful festival in China, and it is also the day of a family member reuniting. Do you want to know that Chinese how to celebrate this festival? Putting the spring festival scrolls up, hanging the lanterns, having the reunion meals, having dumplings, sitting up late and waiting for the ring of the New Year are all the Spring Festival’s custom. All the activities contain the nice blessings and willing. For instance, eating fishes during the festival express that they hope they are abundant every year, and giving oranges and apples express lucky and safety. Before the New Year comes, the people completely clean the indoors and outdoors of their homes as well as their clothes, bedclothes and all their utensils. Then people begin decorating their clean rooms featuring an atmosphere of rejoicing and festivity. All the door panels will be pasted with Spring Festival couplets, highlighting Chinese calligraphy with black characters on red paper. The content varies from house owners wishes for a bright future to good luck for the New Year. Also, pictures of the god of doors and wealth will be posted on front doors to ward off evil spirits and welcome peace and abundance. Burning fireworks was once the most typical custom on the Spring Festival. People thought the spluttering sound could help drive away evil spirits. However, such an activity was completely or partially forbidden in big cities once the government took security, noise and pollution factors into consideration. As a replacement, some buy tapes with firecracker sounds to listen to, some break little balloons to get the sound too, while others buy firecracker handicrafts to hang in the living room. The Chinese character fu (meaning blessing or happiness) is a must. The character put on paper can be pasted normally or upside down, for in Chinese the reversed fu is homophonic with fu comes, both being pronounced as fudaole. Whats more, two big red lanterns can be raised on both sides of the front door. Red paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass and brightly colored New Year paintings with auspicious meanings may be put on the wall. People attach great importance to Spring Festival Eve. At that time, all family members eat dinner together. The meal is more luxurious than usual. Dishes such as chicken, fish and bean curd cannot be excluded, for in Chinese, their pronunciations, respectively ji, yu and doufu, mean auspiciousness, abundance and richness. After the dinner, the whole family will sit together, chatting and watching TV. In recent years, the Spring Festival party broadcast on China Central Television Station (CCTV) is essential entertainment for the Chinese both at home and abroad. According to custom, each family will stay up to see the New Year in. Waking up on New Year, everybody dresses up. First they extend greetings to their parents. Then each child will get money as a New Year gift, wrapped up in red paper. People in northern China will eat jiaozi, or dumplings, for breakfast, as they think jiaozi in sound means bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new. Also, the shape of the dumpling is like gold ingot from ancient China. So people eat them and wish for money and treasure.

Personal effectiveness and reflection on the past

Personal effectiveness and reflection on the past To maintain anonymity and protect confidentiality, all identifiable information pertaining to people or places has been made anonymous throughout the reflective portion of this assignment. (done) Introduction Reflection is recap of previous experience and reflective practice is to look back on an consequence and make it more meaning full and to identify what to do in the future to practice better (Burnard 2002). It is further supported that all definitions of reflection emphasise that there is no learning without reflection and further add to this, not all emphasis is centre on peoples emotions and feelings (Sugerman et al 2000). (done) It also pointed out that reflective practice can add knowledge in individuals practice and improve the knowledge and competent (Bulman et al 2004). John ( 2000) believes that reflection can be describe differently, or example, reflecting in action can be defined as a involvement in an event and what happened during event. On action is when rewinding the memory to turn the information into knowledge. Davis (2003) stressed that under taking educational programs may help to practice effectively. And also, he warns that some people without being aware, recurring the positive experience and avoids the negative experience and this can be due to de-motivation and the barriers of reflective practice. Jasper (2003) further suggests that additional education is needed to improve individuals thought and ability to overcome stressful situations. (done) Model of Reflection For one to benefit from effective reflection, one should follow a model to be sensible and easy to understand (Brooker et al 2003). Bulman et al (2004) quotes Johns (2000) cautioning that models are designed to assist in reflecting but, not set to prescribe what reflection is . There are many models to reflect on and, Platzer et al (1997, cited in peate 2006) that no model is better than others. Chosen Model After gathering information and evidence from different sources, the author has chosen Gibbs( see appendix 1) reflection model as it seems straight forward and easy to follow. Bulman et al (2004) confirmed that Gibbs reflection model is well favoured by practitioners and according Jasper (2004), Gibbs model follows six stages and at each stage, questions are asked. The stages are easy for practitioners to follow and can be analysed critically. (cronin et al 2004) believes that the stages are in certain order and following one another creating a cycle. Kolbs reflective cycle considers events in a cyclical way as in Gibbs model. Jarvis (1987) cited in Moon (2004) criticised the model for its simplicity and missing other factors like transfer of learning. I find it too ordered, too regular, too predictable. It seems to imply that we must move through the cycle and move on to the next stage, rather than letting experiences enter into our souls to rest there, (Newman 1999, cited in Moon 2004, p 115). Description I had just gained my qualification as dental implant nurse and dental implant co-ordinator, when this patient was referred to me by dentist to instruct and inform her about financial agreement and appointment times. Because I was newly qualified dental implant nurse, my experience was quite minimal. The patient was a middle age female, living with her husband and children, Asian background, housewife and spoke very little English. The dentist offered her an implant placement treatment plan. Patients lower right first molar was missing and she wanted to replace the missing tooth with dental implant. It was a one to one session in a quiet room and during this session I realised that the patient is not interested in knowing about financial agreement as she was on, income support, benefit and she was confident about having dental implant free of charge. During the conversation, I realised that patients English understanding level was minimal and she was not fully aware about her dental treatment. Therefore, I tried to avoid using dental jargon and illustrated the instruction and information, which I have been asked to provide for patient, in a simple term. I used simple term, spoke slowly, used pictures and models and confirmed patients understanding. With the little communication we had, I managed to find out that the patient was not able to pay for her dental implant treatment as she was unemployed. I asked the patient to bring along one of the member of her family, who speaks and understands English well, on her next appointment to visit the dentist. (done) Feelings When patient walked to room I started to panic as I never been involved in such a situation. I also stereotyped her as ignorant and not interested to listen to my instruction, because she was looking quite and confused. However, I tried not to panic and be patient. I didnt want to disappoint and embarrass the patient by asking her some question that she may not be able to answer. (done) Evaluation I have learnt how to handle different patient with different backgrounds. I believe the good thing about this experience was that I managed to overcome most of communication barriers that exist. I wasnt able to completely extinguish dental jargons and deal with unexpected situation, but my biggest worry was that through my communication. I might have conveyed poor message. As a result, the patient might have not understood why she should have paid for her dental implant trea tment. I judged the patients approach as social exclusion, lack of knowledge and understanding language had made her look confused. However, I miss-judged her as someone ignorant. (done) Analysis When the patient was referred to me, by the dentist, the paper work should state that the patient is having difficulty communicating in English. Miscommunication between dentist, receptionist and nurses could cause difficulty for the patient to trust them and return back to the surgery for treatment, because the patient may lose trust or feel ignored. During the conversation, it was difficult to assume if patient apprehended why she had to see me. The patient was smiling, looking confused and saying yes almost for everything I was saying. And this made me concerned whether the patient understood why she had to see me. My prejudgment toward the patient could have negative impact on the patient due to being unemployed and not being able to pay for dental treatment could have cause an embarrassing or even disappointment situation for the patient. Because the patient couldnt communicate English adequately, I felt that I might have overloaded her with too much information and have created communication barrier. Conclusion John (2009) state that reflecting on critical incidence aids to construct picture of what happened and how to practice better in the future. But he also warns that the practitioners should avoid altering their practice to suit a particular framework. The author agrees with this statement and further ads to this that practitioners can adopt reflection as a habit in order to practice efficiently in the future. The author also adds that previous practice can be overlooked or taken into grand to improve and work effectively at present and in the future.

Cost Benefit Analysis Economics Essay

Cost Benefit Analysis Economics Essay Introduction Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a technique which seeks to bring greater objectivity into the decision making. It is a well known evaluation technique that is extensively engaged by both public and private organisations to support the decision making process. It can be useful to almost any kind of decision in any kind of field. It is helpful to identify all the relevant benefits and costs of a particular scheme and to quantify them in monetary terms. The practice arrived in the United Kingdom in 1960s for use in the transportation sector. CBA techniques were extended to cover a wide range of applications, such as water resource management, motorways, nationalized industries, airport locations, forestry, recreational facilities and a wide range of urban investment projects (Paul, 2000). Private sector, direct monetary costs and benefits determines the profitability and increases the output and investment. All costs and benefits in public sector, affected by an investment must be evaluated in some other way. Welfare economics helps to resolve such issues as how to assess costs and benefits of a non-monetary environment how to assess the community benefits when no charge made for public facility and how to fiddle with the market failure. Cost Benefit Analysis CBA rests on the recognition of a potential Pareto development. The basis for this is the proposition that, a decision is justified if those who benefit from it could compensate by those who lose by it. Compensation needs not really occur. What is essential is that the expenses of a policy to those who suffer the costs are exceeded by the value that beneficiaries place on it. This may still remain on an adequate basis for judgment because CBA attempts to ascertain whether the resources are being used efficiently. It will often be the case that the occurrence of costs and benefits, i.e. who bears them, will moreover be very important. CBA may provide a framework designed to identify accurately where the costs and benefits fall, so that a political judgement may be completed as to their satisfactoriness. CBA is a widely used technique which evaluates public spending and aims to avoid inappropriate distribution of public resources. In theory, it helps public decision-makers to invest only in the projects that create more profitability from the viewpoint of the community. To function perfectly, the CBA procedure needs to be engaged prior to the decision is made, so that the potential of the range of project proposals can be compared and evaluated. It aims to evaluate the set of direct and indirect effects of a project, its financial and non- financial effects on the set of economic agents concerned with the investment. These effects are then synthesized, after monetary evaluation, to assure a socio-economic balance which establishes the return on the investment, with this return being estimated on the basis of specific indicators (Auzannet, 1997). According to Boardman et al. (2006) the major steps in CBA are as follows; Specify the set of alternative projects Decide whose benefits and cost count Catalogue the impacts and select measurement indicators Predict the impacts quantitatively over the life of the project Monetize (attach dollar values to) all impacts Discount benefits and costs to obtain present values Perform sensitivity analysis Make a recommendation History and Uses of CBA At present, CBA is being used in both government and international organization. While certain concepts of the technique oriented from Europe in 1840s, the use of CBA in environmental economics is relatively a new incidence which is becoming recognized after regulations were set by the US government. And this made the use of CBA compulsory in the 1930s (E.J. Mishan and Euston, 2007). It was used to generate a solution toward the problems of water provision. After World War II, there was pressure towards the efficiency in government and the search was on for ways to make sure that the public funds were efficiently utilised in major public investments. This resulted in the beginnings of the fusion of the new welfare economics, which was essentially a Cost-Benefit Analysis and practical decision-making. This particular process arrived in the United Kingdom in 1960s in support of the transportation sector. It was applied to the construction of M1 motorway and the Victoria line on the und erground (Economic Labour Market Review, December 2008). In recent years, it is recognised as the major appraisal technique for public investments and public policy. Principles of CBA There are eight basic principles under this CBA ((S.L. Kirama, 2010). These are; There must be a common unit of measurement CBA valuations should represent consumers or producers valuations as revealed by their actual behaviour. Benefits are usually measured by market choices Some measurements of benefits require the valuation of human life The analysis of project should involve a with or without comparison CBA involves particular study area Double counting of benefits or costs must be avoided Decision criteria projects Emergence of CBA CBA allows different projects to be ranked according to highest expected net gains in social wellbeing. This gives important limitations of government spending. The main stages in CBA approaches are (Geoff Riley, 2006), Calculation of social costs and benefits. This includes direct costs, indirect costs and the benefits Sensitivity analysis of event occurring Discounting the future value of benefits Comparing the costs and benefits Comparing the net rate of benefits The Application of CBA In the private sector, financial CBA is used to justify equipment and technology investment, measure life cycle costs, meet regulations cost-effectively and quantify hidden costs and intangible benefits. It is also useful to demonstrate how outsourcing and leasing can result in cost savings and how quality improvements can affect returns. Social CBA is being used to evaluate the social merit of projects or policies. In practice CBA vary between countries and sectors within countries. The main differences include the types of impacts that are being included as costs and benefits within the assessment procedure. This is an extent to which the impacts are expressed in monetary terms and difference in discount rate between countries. The public CBA may also vary from private CBA (S.L. Kirama, 2010). CBA is likely to have its main usage within the public sector where (J. Harve and E. Jowsey, 2004); Price signals are insufficient to guide investment decisions Spill-over benefits and costs are important owing to the magnitude of the schemes The wellbeing of unborn generations has to be allowed Key Concepts in CBA There are some key concepts in CBA. There are; present value, discount rates, opportunity costs, cost and benefits, discounting, net present value, shadow prices, etc. (J. Harve and E. Jowsey, 2004). Government Decision- making Government may take the form of regulation such as building regulation to reduce fire hazards, taxes or subsides or providing goods and services. The main difficulty in many public-sectors is that the goods are provided free of charge or below the market price. So they are forced to focus on short-term special effects of the financial system and the long-standing sustainability of the public finances. Government decisions depend on subjective political considerations. For example, obtaining a social mix council housing may be providing an expensive residential area. However, public investments have serious defects. The one-man, one-vote principle does not weight votes according to the intensity of welfare gain or lost. Therefore, majority of the decision allow two voters marginally in favour of a scheme to outvote one who strongly opposes it in spite of the fact that the sum of their benefits is less than the costs impose on the single opponent. Political decisions are important one-sided. Economic efficiency in resource allocation requires that objective criteria should be used as far as it is feasible. The extension of government involvement in the economy has increased the weight and complexity of decisions which needs to be made at government level. Many argument says that decentralisation of decision-making is desirable. Application to Construction Industry Government is basically responsible for roads, bridges, airports, parks, amenity land, new urban areas and housing. CBA is normally being favoured by many transportation economists. It assesses the entire benefits and costs associated with highway project, including both capital and user costs. In this case, project requires less cost but provides more benefits right through the analysis period which are chosen first. CBA estimates the costs in monetary terms. Traditionally, a benefit-cost ratio, net present value or internal rate of return is being used. Recent research suggests that the net present value (NPV) may provide the best project selection measure if the transportation program is under financial constraints (Reed and Rutherford, 1997). The Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Transportation Sector Transportation policy and scheduling decisions often engage tradeoffs between conflicting objectives. Most highway cost allocation and investment evaluation studies are primarily concerned with direct market costs, such as road construction and maintenance, travel time, vehicle operating costs and crash damages. These vary depending on vehicle type and roadway conditions. They assume that the total amount of vehicle travel does not change, so were unconcerned with vehicle ownership and parking costs. Other types of studies incorporate environmental impacts, primarily air pollution, but sometimes it also includes noise and water pollution, and various other categories of land usage impact. Some studies have only considered external costs avoiding the internal ones. CBA is extensively used within the transportation segment. CBA of transportation investment projects tend to neglect long-term environmental consequences and needs among the community group with a low ability to pay. It has been emerged as one of the most used tools in deciding the viability of proposed infrastructure projects. The predictions regarding the impact of such projects are often problematic uncertain. The transport modelling tools are used in order to estimate positive as well as the negative impacts. Case Study Heathrow Terminal 5 In this case, the British Airport Authority (BAA) planning to build terminal 5 the cost is approximately around  £4 billion. Planning application was submitted in February 1993 (Heathrow T5, October 2005). They were considering the following benefits, such as Economic growth: Demand for air travel in south-east England is forecasted to be doubled in the next 20 years, making the expansion seems to be essential within the Air travel industry. This in turn might create thousands of jobs and businesses depending on the Heathrow airport expansion in order to provide sufficient supply capacity to meet the growing demand. An increase in the capacity of Heathrow will make maximum usage of airports existing infrastructure and land. The economy and trade: if it does not meet demand, UK will lose its airlines and foreign investments within the other European regions. The benefits of a world-beating industry would be reduced. Therefore, many sectors of our aviation industry will have a comparative advantage and might add huge sums to our balance of payments. Jobs: This project will create job opportunities which are estimated to be around 16,500. And it may also create 6,000 construction jobs during the building phase. This will have multiplier effects on the local / regional and national economy. Transport: The terminal will be the centre of a world-class transport exchange, with new Tube and rail links. Car traffic would rise only slightly. The social costs of increased traffic congestion have been exaggerated by the environmentalists. Environment: The site which has been allocated for terminal 5 is currently a disused sludge works. And any displace wildlife and plant life will be carefully relocated. The noise climate around Heathrow Airport has been improving for many years, even despite the fact that the number of aircraft movements has increased considerably partly due to the phasing out of older, nosier aircraft. Noise and night flight: BAA promises no increase in overall noise levels or in night flights. The number of flights will be increased by 8%. (Source: http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-micro-cost-benefit-analysis.html) Objections are being raised against this project but those were not enough to refuse the planning permission. Conclusion CBA provides a rational technique for the evaluation of projects where market information is either non-existent or deficient. But it should not make false claims for objectivity by dealing in precise sums. However it is helpful for decision-making purposes, it is not an alternative for it. Further, CBA is potentially a useful aid towards planning decisions and it does not avoid the need to make value judgements in the evaluation of intangible arising from different projects. The overall conclusions are to be drawn from the assessment of costs and benefits. However, such value judgements are made clear in the evaluation decision making process.

EMMA,(Jane Austen) Miss Bates character analysis Essay -- essays resea

In the novel Emma, the author, Jane Austen, uses many different techniques to characterize Miss Bates as a woman with no intellect, but a very kind heart. Miss Bates in a humorous character who is loved and loving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Austen’s diction is one such technique used to characterize Miss Bates. Miss Bates is a â€Å"contented† old woman with certain â€Å"cheerfulness† to her nature. Miss Bates always has good intentions and is always a happy, joyful woman. Her good will towards others makes her such a popular woman even though she has no husband and no physical beauty. Miss Bates had a splendid â€Å"simplicity† about her, and everyone in the town of Highbury enjoyed her â€Å"grateful† spirit. Miss Bates appreciates the small things in life, and never receives any satisfaction from fancy, frilly things. She likes to keep life simple and she is appreciative of every simple gesture bestowed upon her. Miss Bates very much enjoys the companionship of her friends and neighbours more than anything in the world. Miss Bates seems to most people in the town to be a â€Å"silly† old woman who was quite â€Å"poor†, but has many blessings in he r life. Not only does Miss Bates have her friends, she also has her mother and a wonderful home that wants for nothing. Miss Bates has a amiable personality that has helped her to become a popular woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jane Austen’s detail allows the reader to see another apparent character trait in Miss Bates, her lack of intelligence. ...

Child Abuse and The Law Essay -- Child Abuse Legislation

Child abuse is a social problem that affects millions of children each year. Not only does child abuse have multiple societal repercussions, but also individual repercussions that produce lifelong scars. There are many forms of child abuse; sexual, physical, verbal, and emotional. Some of the facts presented in this paper will be painful to absorb. That does not change the fact that these problems must be addressed. It has been reported that one out of three girls, and one out of seven boys are sexually abused by the time they reach the age of 18. The most prevalent form of child sexual abuse is now recognized to be, incest. A study that showed approximately 27% of the women in every state of the union, and 16% of the men said they had been sexually abused as children. Child Abuse Laws Child abuse. Two words that should never have to be seen side by side. Yet, child abuse is very much a reality in this world. Unfortunately, to wish otherwise would be the same as to wish for a perfect world. We must do the best that we can as a society with the power of laws on our side to help the innocent young victims of child abuse. We have a responsibility as human beings to do all that we can for these children. Some of us fulfill this responsibility by promoting awareness, some by donating time, money, or services, some by getting laws passed, and some by enforcing laws that protect children from all kinds of abuse. The purpose of this study was to research child abuse from all angles to try to understand what we as a society may be doing wrong & also what we may be doing right to help the young victims of child abuse. To look at all types of studies & compare them & try to break them down to better understand them. The first things that should be understood are the characteristics of the offenders, the types of offenses, & some of the societal issues that are listed as possible causes of child abuse. Studies show that the characteristics of sexual abuse offenders are; dependent, inadequate individuals with early family histories characterized by conflict, disruption, abandonment, abuse, and exploitation. In 1997, over 3 million children were reported for child abuse and neglect to child protective service agencies in the U.S. These figures have gone up from year to year approximately 1.7% per year. Since 1985, the rate of child abuse fatalities has increased b... ...to visit him in prison twice a month and to phone him once a week. This is appalling that a child could be forced into visits under these circumstances. There is much to be said about the lasting effects of child abuse. It shouldn't hurt to be a child, yet children continue to be victimized every day. Statistics show that the abused child all too often grows up to be an offender. It is so important that we do everything possible to break this cycle. Bibliography 1. http://www.abanet.org/child/challenge.html 2. http://www.abanet.org/media/factbooks/ch26.html 3. http://www.abanet.org/child/about.html 4. http://redwood.northcoast.com/-dka/deadkids.html 5. http://web.raex.com/joeclark/falsehtm 6. http://sbi.jus.state.nc.us 7. http://www.childsexualabuse.org/act.htm 8. http://www.VOCALNY.org 9. http://www.youthlaw.org 10. http://www.abuse-excuse.com 11. http://freenet.msp.mn.us/people/kaplan/abuseframe.htm 12. http://www.state.ny.us/governor/press/meganslaw.html 13. http://www.childabuse.org 14. http://www.clinicalsocialwork.com/incest.html 15. http://www.abuse-excuse.com/laws.htm#mondale 16. http://members.xoom.com/xoom/ProtectChild/index.html

“Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized”

PONTICIFICA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA MDRE Y MAESTRA. RECINTO SANTO TOMAS DE AQUINO. Academic Writing ILE-322 Student Name: Leslie Herrera. ID Number: 2009-5699 Teacher: Emilia Gracia Final Draft: Essay 3. â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized†. July 18th 2012. Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized. As we know, same-sex marriage has been discussed and argued for a long time. Within the controversial topic of gay rights, there’s no area more controversial than same-sex marriage. And all of us ask ourselves if same-sex marriage should be legal or not. But the fact is that we have to start thinking about it as a moral and religious topic.The government shouldn’t legalize the same-sex marriage because the legal definition of marriage is the civil union between a man and a woman, marriage is a religious rite, and also those couples will be able to adopt children if they are given the right to marry. Same-sex marriage is also known as gay marriage. Same-sex ma rriage is between two people of the same gender. The Netherlands became the first country to legalize same-sex marriage in 2001; in the United States of America, the first state to legalize same-sex marriage was Massachusetts, on May 17, 2004. According to ProCon. rg (2011), as of May 10, 2012, same-sex marriage has been legalized in eight states such as: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Lowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Washington, Maryland, and the District of Columbia which will be effective on January 1, 2013. This has become an even more controversial topic since these current legalizations of same-sex marriage. One argument against same-sex marriage is that the legal definition of marriage is the civil union between a man and a woman. â€Å"The institution of marriage has traditionally been defined as between a man and a woman† (ProCon. rg, 2011, Con Gay Marriage,  ¶1). Further, if any government gives the right to marry same-sex couples this traditional institution of marriage will weaken. â€Å"Marriage runs contrary to two of the primary goals of the lesbian and gay movement: the affirmation of gay identity and culture and the validation of many forms of relationships† (ProCon. org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage,  ¶8). Therefore, same-sex marriage is totally the opposite of the traditional institution of marriage; those are two things that cannot have the same rights, and actually God made us to be heterosexual no homosexual.In addition, marriage is a religious rite. â€Å"Gay marriage is not compatible with the beliefs, sacred texts, and traditions of many religious groups† (ProCon. org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage,  ¶4). In fact, we know that most of the religions are opposing same-sex marriage, because they are always guided by the Bible and God’s commandments and his teachings. â€Å"Marriage was established by the Creator with its own nature, essential properties and purpose. No ideology can erase from the human spirit the certainty that marriage exists solely between a man and a woman† (ProCon. org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage,  ¶12).If same-sex is legalized, churches and other religious institutions would be forced to change their rules in order to marry same-sex marriage couples. Furthermore, one of the biggest problems for society and probably the most important for new generations is that same-sex marriage would be that those couples will be able to adopt children if they are given the right to marry. â€Å"The institution of marriage as a union of man and woman, uniquely involving the procreation and rearing of children within a family, is as old as the book of Genesis† (ProCon. org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage,  ¶1).Children need both a mother and a father, because they learn a lot from each of them. â€Å"Girls who are raised apart from their fathers are reportedly at higher risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy. Children without a mother are deprived of the emotional s ecurity and unique advice that mothers provide† (ProCon. org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage,  ¶6). Besides, same-sex marriage will intensify to the assimilation of homosexuals into a heterosexual culture. And probably that one of the facts that can affects the society the most, because if that happened our moral and religious values would be lost.The supporters and people who are for the same-sex marriage argue that they should have the right to civil marriage because of same marriage benefits, such as: health insurance and public acceptance which heterosexual couples have. Nevertheless, that argument of the supporters is irrelevant, because each person can have his or her own health insurance that provides their workplace, so they don’t need a family or spouse health insurance to have the same benefits as traditional marriage. On other hand, if the government were to legalize same-sex marriage the public acceptance is not guaranteed.Because people are that decided in what t hey are going to believe, maybe some people will accept this and a larger group of people disagrees. Therefore, the government don’t have to legalized the same-sex marriage in order to people accept homosexual family or marriage or to receive health insurance. Hence, no government should legalize same-sex marriage for all the facts that this action may involve, for example, those couples will be able to adopt children and also because of moral and religious values.Accordingly about what we have read, the legalization of same-sex marriage is an unmoral and unreligious action. I think that promoting homosexuality with government-backed same-sex marriage it would hurt our children, the generations that are growing, the country, and also the entire world. If a homosexual man or woman wants to get married, the only thing they need to do is choose not to be homosexual and marry someone of the opposite sex. Reference Pro. Con. org. (2011, January 9). Should gay marriage be legal?. G ay Marriage. Retrieved from http://www. gaymariage. procon. org

African Americans Essay

The African American journey has been one of trials and tribulations which they suffered greatly to achieve freedom and success. The battle has led the citizens of this nation to have witnessed the first African American President of the United States. The journey that has brought African Americans to the present situation has seen intermittent successes and numerous setbacks. Perseverance from many generations has brought about a gradual but progressive change. The journey begun in a state of slavery, through the act of slavery racism was seen in its rarest forms. The long journey emerged from African Americans being sold to white traders and transported across the Atlantic Ocean. Slaves were auctioned off and sold to the highest bidders. African Americans were considered personal property of the white man and viewed as economic commodity. Their strength and endurance was formed as a result of working in the fields and kitchens from sunrise to sunset. The slaves lived off of the bare necessities in life. This act of slavery existed for decades and helped to shape the course of American history. From slavery to the March on Washington and many other events, African Americans have fought for their rights in United States, and have achieved their identity through many historical movements. The 13th Amendment to the US Constitution officially abolished slavery and freed the slaves to make a life for themselves as the Reconstruction Period. During the Reconstruction Era (1867) African Americans still suffered hardships under the leadership of Andrew Johnson who became president after Lincoln had got assassinated in 1865. Andrew Johnson had no intention of helping the African Americans he wanted to punish the slaveholders in the South. Andrew Jackson opposed giving African Americans the freedom to vote or equal rights. 1870 the 15th Amendment was ratified and became a law that specified African Americans: Historical Journey from 1865 to the Present 3 African American men had the right to vote. Voting was part of African Americans receiving civil liberties. The Civil Rights Movement and racial oppression were very significant moments in the American history. Exploitation was seen based on the color of one’s skin. Oppression was the way to keep the African American’s voice unheard. The dominant race manipulated America and shaped it according to the value of one race in society. Gaining equality was the essence of the struggle for African Americans in which white society pushed to prohibit African Americans from gaining any form of equality. Americans were uninformed and unaware of how corrupt the government officials were. During the historical journey of the African Americans the government failed to have all humans’ best interest in mind. The African American Journey Devastation of trials and tribulations were prevalent among the African Americans before 1865. The Civil War put a new twist on how society tuned into a racist world. Racism was very powerful and demanding during this period in life. Racism still prevails in the present tense only in more subtle ways. Before 1865 issues with slavery depicted lynching, segregation, low wages for job performances and derogatory defamation of character within a race due to skin pigmentation. Slavery and degradation never killed the desire of freedom and a promising future for African Americans. This was one of the foremost occurrences of hatred and dehumanizing of man because of the color of their skin. This exemplified the state of condition the African Americans were placed and recognized that another race was superior or had power over another race. African Americans were considered powerless over their own lives. The Emancipation African Americans: Historical Journey from 1865 to the Present 4 Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment were passed by a strong leader named Abraham Lincoln, which declared all of America’s slaves were free by 1865. In 1865, African Americans were finally feeling like human beings and not like property that endured brutality, harsh whippings, no rights as humans and cruel punishment. The passing of various civil liberty movements’, education, employment and voting privileges improved. Fox (2014) stated that southern blacks were impatient in seeking voting privileges. The U. S. Constitution gave all blacks a nominal right to vote, but southern blacks were often blocked at the polls, and racial apartheid was the foundation of a rigid caste system. The Thirteenth and Fifteenth Amendment abolished slavery and Americans were making strides to work things out. After the release of slaves the black codes of law were passed laws, statues, and rules enacted by southern states after the Civil War to gain control over the slaves again and protect the white man’s property from retaliation. The slave owners were worried that they had to do the Plantation work themselves after the slaves were freed, and blacks would want revenge on them because of the hardships of oppression over hundreds of years. Progression of African Americans throughout the 18th and 19th centuries was a struggle. The relationships between blacks and whites were, frustrating and intense, primarily because the concept of reigning in superior positions over African Americans lives in respect to finances, social activities, cultural values or political affiliations has not changed significantly. African Americans fought for equal opportunity and their rights as a human race. They struggled to fit in with society. Despite the developments and changes, many fiscal and visual (how they were perceived) characteristics of African Americans at the end of the nineteenth century did not African Americans: Historical Journey from 1865 to the Present 5 differ from that of the mid-1800s. 1865-1876 was considered a time of change for African Americans but racism continued to cause much pain and despair for African Americans. Two significant events that surfaced to support the emergence of African Americans was the Harlem Renaissance Movement (1920) and the Civil Rights Movement. The Harlem Renaissance contributed to the talents and cultural beliefs of African Americans. They were able to bring perspective and pride to their lives. Harlem Renaissance was defined as: The Harlem Renaissance was the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars. Many had come from the South, fleeing its oppressive caste system in order to find a place where they could freely express their talents (Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2002, p. 1). African Americans felt they were able to make specific contributions to society and start communicating their feelings, beliefs and values to others. The Harlem Renaissance Movement brought different racial groups together in appreciation of the music and poetry but did not have much success in breaking the racial divide between the races that were expressed in the Jim Crow excerpts. â€Å"The Renaissance incorporated jazz and the blues, attracting whites to Harlem speakeasies, where interracial couples danced. It contributed to a certain relaxation of racial attitudes among young whites, but its greatest impact was to reinforce race pride among blacks† (Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2002, p. 1). The 1964 Civil Rights Movement gave African Americans the right to take a stand against racism. Racial discrimination was a major problem that caused havoc in the lives of African Americans. Several events emerged from the Civil Rights African Americans: Historical Journey from 1865 to the Present 6 movement that made a significant impact on the lives of African Americans- the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Black Power Movement. The events above promoted a means of outlawing racial discrimination. Segregation was protested through political and social protest rallies and campaigns. The Black Power Movement gave African Americans a voice to be heard. Political and religious reasons were heard as their voices resonated throughout society. â€Å"The African American movement gained political legitimacy because it politicized the grievances of collective memory and appealed to a common ancestry to regain for this people cultural, political, and economic rights by rejecting subordination and White cultural supremacy or hegemony† (Jalata, 2002, p. 1). Before the Civil Rights Movement America was considered in the realms of practicing apartheid. All African Americans were humiliated, denied their civil rights and liberties, dehumanized and suffered tremendous hardships. Several movements initiated progress for African Americans. They were finally gaining their rights to live as human beings and become a part of society. â€Å"But the awkward truth is that when it comes to the goals laid down by the civil rights movement in general and Brown in particular, America is actually going backward† (Younge, 2014, p. 10). A school in Little Rock marked a turn in events for African Americans. This was in 1957 when the governor issued an order to the National Guard troops to stop the nine black children from entering the school. The order was denied and a mob of white students intimidated the black students. Federal soldiers escorted the black students into the school and were protected by the armed guards. The governor, African Americans: Historical Journey from 1865 to the Present 7 Faubus, closed all of the city’s schools to prevent integration. The African Americans prevailed regardless of the circumstances. According to Pearson Education (2000) other events that marked a period of setbacks and progression in the lives of African Americans are: †¢1931 NINE BLACK YOUTHS ARE INDICTED IN SCOTTSBORO, ALA., ON CHARGES OF HAVING raped two white women. †¢1947 JACKIE ROBINSON BREAKS MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL’S COLOR BARRIER WHEN HE IS signed to the Brooklyn Dodgers by Branch Rickey. †¢1952 MALCOLM X BECOMES A MINISTER OF THE NATION OF ISLAM. OVER THE NEXT several years his influence increases until he is one of the two most powerful members of the Black Muslims. †¢1963 MARTIN LUTHER KING WAS ARRESTED FOR MARCHING AGAINST ANTI-SEGREGATION. †¢1966 THE BLACK PANTHERS WAS FOUNDED. †¢1967 THURGOOD MARSHALL WAS APPOINTED TO THE SUPREME COURT. †¢2002 HALLE BERRY AND DENZEL WASHINGTON RECEIVED OSCARS FOR BEST ACTORS. †¢1992 RACIAL RIOTS ARE SEEN IN LOS ANGELES AFTER ACQUITTING FOUR WHITE BOYS FOR beating Rodney King. African Americans: Historical Journey from 1865 to the Present 8 †¢2005 CONDOLEEZZA RICE BECOMES THE FIRST BLACK FEMALE U. S. SECRETARY OF STATE. †¢2009 BARACK OBAMA BECAME THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN PRESIDENT. Many problems that exist today seem to be repeating themselves. America seems to be making an upturn and the ugly faces of racism are reappearing. Younge (2014) stated that schools are re-segregating, legislation is being gutted, it’s getting harder to vote, large numbers are being deprived of their basic rights through incarceration, and the economic disparities between black and white are growing. In many areas, America is becoming more separate and less equal. Overcoming hurdles was nothing new to Obama and Colin Powell. Both men achieved success in American society. Obama became the first black president and Colin Powell became Secretary of State and served on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Barack Obama is the first African American President of the United States and that is considered a very important step forward in this country. His administration has been one of struggle and plight to succeed because of the turmoil going on in the nation. Obama has succeeded in great ways without the support of many Republicans in the house. Asked â€Å"So, how has being Black affected your ability to govern? ,† Obama replied in part: â€Å"By virtue of being African-American, I’m attuned to how throughout this country’s history there have been times when folks have been locked out of opportunity, and because of the hard work of people of all races† (Cooper, 2012, p. 11). Obama has been successful in making equal opportunity a solution to African Americans: Historical Journey from 1865 to the Present 9 many problems. He has slowly opened the doors to more people and made equal opportunity happen through vigilance and determination. A great historical event occurred when Obama was elected as President. This surprised many Americans in the world. This symbolized a step forward towards racial equality in the history of African Americans. This election captured several important turn of events that said we have made great accomplishments. This completed the Civil Rights Movement and what it stood for, an emergence of a post-racial society, the elimination of multiculturalism and the possibility of ending the black struggle. There were several activist that would not have concluded that the black struggle has ended. Those people were Marcus Garvey, Ella Baker and Huey P. Newton. Their beliefs were based on specific facts that unifying scattered people of African descent, inspiring racial pride, and ultimately creating a separate, independent country should be the goals of racial uplift. Garvey thought black people were oppressed and divided as a race. Because they were ‘scattered as an unmixed and unrecognized part’ in numerous nations they were dependent upon the other races for kindness and sympathy. Many people have struggled to explain the plight of the African American race but the journey was one of hardship, courage and endurance that built character. The African American race has come a long way from cruelty and hardship inflicted during the 1800’s. The journey encompassed freedom, voting rights, civil liberties and equality. African Americans: Historical Journey from 1865 to the Present 10 References Blackpast. org. (2007). African American history timeline 1901-2000. Retrieved from http://www. blackpast. org/timelines/african-american-history-timeline-1900-2000 Cooper, K. J. (2012). The President’s Report Card. Crisis (15591573), 119(4), 6. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/login. aspx? direct=true&db=f5h&AN=88314705&site=eds-live Educational Broadcasting Corporation (2002). The Harlem Renaissance. Retrieved from http://www. pbs. org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_harlem. html Fox Piven, F. (2014). 50 and FIGHTING. Planning, 80(6), 10. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/login. aspx? direct=true&db=f5h&AN=96548704&site=eds-live Jalata, A. (2002). Revisiting the black struggle: Lessons for the 21st century. Journal of Black Studies, 33(1). Retrieved from African Americans: Historical Journey from 1865 to the Present 11 http://search.ebscohost. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/login. aspx? direct=true&db=edb&AN=7268500&site=eds-live Kirk, J. (2009). THE LONG ROAD TO EQUALITY. History Today, 59(2), 52-58. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/login. aspx? direct=true&db=aph&AN=36590274&site=eds-live Pearson Education. (2000). African American history timeline. Retrieved from http://www. infoplease. com/spot/bhmtimeline. html Younge, G. (2014). The Awkward Truth about Race. Nation, 298(24), 10-11. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/login. aspx? direct=true&db=aph&AN=96204081&site=eds-live.

Comparing Scal Measurements And Pore Network Flow Environmental Sciences Essay

In this thesis undertaking, a comparative analysis between parametric quantities from an bing experimental informations of SCAL measurings and pore web flow theoretical accounts is carried out. The SCAL parametric quantities include comparative permeableness and capillary force per unit area. The experimental dataset was obtained from a big figure of sandstone Fieldss consisting capillary force per unit area and comparative permeableness informations for drainage and imbibition. The curves from different procedures were obtained from suiting theoretical accounts such as: Corey or power jurisprudence ( comparative permeableness ) , Brooks & A ; Corey ( drainage capillary force per unit area ) and Skjaeveland ( primary imbibition capillary force per unit area ) . In add-on, correlativities were established between curve parametric quantities and permeability/porosity and wettability for the complete subset of sandstone stones. In the same manner, a set of statistical practical stones w as created utilizing the procedure based Reconstruction technique. The Reconstruction starts from the grain size distribution of certain sedimentary stone type such as Fontainebleau, Bentheim, Berea and a customized North Sea reservoir in order to imitate the natural procedures of organizing sedimentary stones ; i.e. deposit, compression and diagenesis. This technique allowed the creative activity of a sum of 34 sandstone practical stones with different petrophysical belongingss. Subsequently, the pore web theoretical accounts were extracted and a sum of 3210 pore web flow theoretical accounts were obtained with changing oil-wet pore fraction, contact angles ( making 3 different conditions ) and administering oil-wet elements based on pore size: uncorrelated with pore size ( random ) , preferred large-pores and preferred small-pores. The information points obtained from the pore web flow theoretical accounts were fitted by implementing the Marquard-Levenberg and Trust Region algorit hm curve suiting techniques utilizing the same theoretical account curves explained before ( Corey, Brooks & A ; Corey and Skjaeveland ) . In a undermentioned measure suiting parametric quantities were plotted against permeability/porosity and wettability index giving a 2nd set of correlativities. Both sets of informations were compared ensuing in understandings in some instances and dissensions in others. It was found that for primary drainage all parametric quantities agreed good ( Pe, Sir ) but the curve form factor a demoing lower tendency values compared with the experimental dataset. The ground might be associated with either the absence of kineticss effects in the pore web theoretical accounts or the unsimilarities in the grain size distribution. Parameters for primary imbibition showed some understandings every bit good as dissensions. In footings of capillary force per unit area parametric quantities, the oil curve form factor ao showed a comparatively good correlativity wi th regard to experimental informations and proposing that the experimental nucleus sample should be classified as intermediate-wet. In add-on, the H2O curve form factor aw pore web values resulted in slightly higher than experimental informations. It is of import to observe that the experimental value of aw was fixed at 0.2 accounting for non dependable experimental values at low impregnations. With respect to the entry force per unit areas, cw showed comparative similar values as to experimental informations whereas carbon monoxide was somewhat lower. Furthermore, the pore web flow theoretical accounts wettability consequences were compared with the experimental informations utilizing different contact angle ranges, changing the oil-wet pore fraction and altering the distributing of oil-wet elements based on pore size. No clear correlativity was found for mixed-wet and fractionally-wet wettability categories with theoretical tendencies. However, some variables did act upon the wett ability of the pore web flow theoretical accounts. Both comparative permeableness curves, form and values showed some sensitiveness when analyzed with different pore-scale supplanting mechanism, oil-wet pore fraction, contact angle and pore size distribution. It is of import to take the possible being of mistakes into history for both, experimental dataset, every bit good as the curve fitting process and some failings related to the pore-scale physical premises in pore web mold.1. IntroductionPresents due to the necessity of understanding how the hydrocarbon recovery could be increased as a effect of the world-wide depletion of conventional oil reservoirs, several elaborate surveies of the reservoirs are carried out. Normally to obtain a stone sample from a reservoir, a nucleus must be cut from it. Subsequently, the nucleus must be shipped to research lab installations where a sample must be collected. Laboratory experiments performed on reservoir nucleuss have been the chief beginning of informations, nevertheless, these nucleuss have to go through through a long and boring procedure before any information can be acquired. These procedures include cleansing, criterion and particular nucleus analysis, ageing in order to find petrophysical belongingss such as porousness, seawater permeableness, capillary force per unit area, comparative permeableness and others. The most appropriate handling and readying processs vary with the ultimate aim of the nucleus analysis. From a common nucleus analysis, belongingss such as: porousness, permeableness in different waies, residuary oil impregnation and connate H2O impregnation can be obtained. In contrast, for particular nucleus analysis samples are handled with particular attention to reconstruct the reservoir wettability conditions in order to use measurings. The informations obtained could be: capillary force per unit area, comparative permeableness, wettability and residuary oil impregnation. Therefore, a tool that could potentially supply the nexus between the reservoir sample and the indispensable information required without holding to execute research lab experiments is used in this work. Its prognostic capablenesss ( still non proved engineering ) are based on pore web theoretical accounts of digital stone. Network theoretical accounts were pioneered by Fatt in the 1950s [ 3 ] by administering the pores and pharynxs on a regular planar lattice and consecutive make fulling them in the order of inscribed radius utilizing the Young-Laplace equation. During his research, he was able to formalize the pore web theoretical account with experimental informations and to obtain capillary force per unit area and comparative permeableness curves for drainage as a map of mean impregnation. At the same clip, the classical infiltration theory was introduced by Broadbent and Hammersley [ 4 ] , patterning the random flow of a fluid through a medium and depicting how elements of the medium independently permit or fail to allow transition. However, farther progresss from Fatt ‘s position did non happen until the early 80s, when Larson et Al. [ 5 ] , looking at pore degree natural philosophies combined the infiltration theory with a stochastic attack to foretell the distribution of the non-wetting stage during two stage flow. Since so, understanding of the implicit in physical mechanisms and the function of pore-space geometry and topology has been increasing. Lenormand et Al. [ 6 ] , K.K. Mohanty et Al. [ 7 ] used theoretical accounts with rectangular cross-section capillaries to detect and depict the supplanting processes during imbibition. These theoretical accounts are still the foundations for web mold: piston-like supplanting, snap-off and pore-body filling, leting the pore-scale natural philosophies of supplanting to be understood. Thereafter in the early 90s, two-phase and three-phase web theoretical accounts and the ability to include wettability change were developed by several writers. Kovscek et Al. [ 8 ] , incorporated thin wetting movie forces into a aggregation of capillary tubings theoretical account to depict the geological development of alleged mixed-wettability in reservoir stones. Their theoretical account emphasizes the singular function of thin movies. Blunt [ 9 ] extended their analysis to different fractions of oil-wet pores, contact angles and initial H2O impregnation. Sahimi et Al. [ 10 ] , developed a two stage comparative permeableness theory utilizing stochastic constructs from infiltration theory. The extension of the three -phase flow web theoretical accounts to existent porous media has been complicated by the trouble of depicting the 3-D pore construction of existent stones. Therefore, the usage of webs derived from a existent porous medium was foremost introduced by Bryant et Al. [ 11 ] by pull outing their web from a random close wadding of every bit sized domains and doing anticipations of comparative permeableness, capillary force per unit area and electrical conduction. Widening this attack for a wider set of sedimentary stones, Oren et Al. [ 12 ] introduced a procedure based method which mimics the terminal province of the geological procedure that formed the stone. This attack has proved its foretelling capablenesss in several plants [ 13, 14, 15 ] . Nowadays, many groups of research are dedicated to the country of pore web patterning, such as Imperial College, Heriot-Watt University, Australian National University and Numerical Rocks. Digital stone natural philosophies or pore web mold is an emerging field that may add a great potency for the approaching old ages. In this work, the experimental dataset used was antecedently generated in-house by Shell International Exploration and Production B.V. , happening correlativities between SCAL parametric quantities and porosity/permeability measurings for drainage and imbibition. The capillary force per unit area was obtained by utilizing the extractor method where a cylindrical sample is foremost saturated with oil and mounted in a extractor in order to whirl in stairss of increasing rate. The centrifugal forces throw oil from the sample, while drawing environing H2O into the sample. The continuance of each velocity measure must be sufficient for production of oil to discontinue. In add-on, comparative permeableness measurings were done utilizing steady province methods. In each experiment, fluids are injected at changeless rate and fractional flow. The force per unit area bead and impregnation are non recorded until they reach stable values. Then the fractional flow is changed and the process is re peated. The consequences obtained from research lab experiments are stored in a database and the information is analyzed looking at some tendencies or correlativities. Smits and Jing [ 2 ] , investigated comparative permeableness curves utilizing the Corey Model or â€Å" power jurisprudence † . He linked the six Corey parametric quantities to happen out their several correlativities to water/oil imbibition. The survey included 13 sandstone reservoirs. Cense [ 1 ] suggested a set of correlativities utilizing the consequences of laboratory experiments on water/oil primary drainage and imbibition for capillary force per unit area in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. From these two plants, the best tantrum for drainage is based on the semi-empirical relationship of Brooks and Corey [ 16 ] parametric quantities: and ( 1.1 ) where Personal computer is the capillary force per unit area in Pascal, Pe is the entry force per unit area in Pascal, Sr is the decreased impregnation, Sir is the irreducible H2O impregnation and a is the curve form factor. For imbibition and secondary drainage, a Skjaeveland [ 17 ] tantrum is used to depict the capillary force per unit area curves: ( 1.2 ) and ( 1.3 ) where cw is the H2O entry force per unit area, carbon monoxide is the oil entry force per unit area, aw, ao are the H2O and oil curves shape factor severally. The equation 1.2 consists of two subdivisions. The first subdivision is called H2O subdivision and is defined by parametric quantities cw, aw and Srw whereas the parametric quantities co, ao and Sro define the 2nd subdivision or so called oil subdivision. During this work, practical stones utilizing a procedure based Reconstruction technique are created and their several pore webs are extracted. Once the pore web theoretical account is created, the flow in the web is modeled to obtain for primary drainage, primary imbibition and secondary drainage, the comparative permeableness and capillary force per unit area curves. A set of suiting parametric quantities that describes old curves are correlated with permeableness, porousness and wettability. Therefore, the importance of this work relies on an alternate attack capable to place failings and strengths resulted from the informations comparing between the web flow mold and research lab experiments. The workflow procedure of this work is done utilizing the e-Core package ( see appendix A ) . It is chiefly conformed by three phases: the first one is related to the creative activity of the geological theoretical account, where the digital stone samples are generated utilizing petrophysical parametric quantities. The geological theoretical accounts have to go through through the different typical chief organizing sandstone procedures, such as: deposit, compression and diagenesis. Second, the pore web is extracted from the geological theoretical account where several nodes and links stand foring the pores and pharynxs of the stone are recreated. Last, the pore web flow theoretical accounts describes the stone fluid interaction occurred at pore-scale. This is done in order to foretell constituent relationships of comparative permeableness and capillary force per unit area. Once the constituent relationships are acquired, some analytical correlativities are used in order to happen a representative tendency between the pore web flow theoretical accounts informations and research lab informations.

Examination Of The Wonthaggi Desalination Plant Environmental Sciences Essay

Desalination is a procedure of taking extra salts and minerals from saltwater to do it suited for human ingestion. Counties in the Middle East and the Mediterranean have been utilizing desalinization for a long clip to fulfill their H2O demands and it is going progressively popular in states like the United States, Australia and Europe as demand for H2O continues to turn with turning population and diminishing precipitation forms ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . Wonthaggi desalinization works is a large budget desalinization works presently under building on a clear farming area on the Bass Coast. The site for the desalinization works is about five 100 metres inland from the coastline. The Desalination Project Team, which is moving as advocate on behalf of the State is a portion of the Capital Projects Division. This undertaking is a Public-Private Partnership and Project ‘s substructure includes an belowground saltwater intake tunnel that will run from the works to an offshore loc ation on the seafloor, an belowground mercantile establishment tunnel that will run from the works to an offshore location on the seafloor and discharge seawater dressed ore, and an belowground transportation grapevine for the fresh water that will be produced and a power supply ( Victoria, 2008 ) . The desalinization works will supply upto150 gigalitres of H2O per twelvemonth which can be increased to 200 gigalitres per twelvemonth in the hereafter. An estimated 480 litres of saltwater will be pumped in and 280 billion litres of saline concentration or seawater will be pumped back out into the ocean every twelvemonth ( 2009 ) . The works will be utilizing energy signifier brown coal which will breathe one million metric tons of C dioxide every twelvemonth. There is besides wind farm that is proposed to be built 100s of kilometres off as an beginning ( Heislers ) . This works, which is traveling to be Victoria ‘s largest substructure undertaking of all time, is expected to be completed by the terminal of 2011. Marine Impact of Desalination Plant: The desalinization works may be able to supply some alleviation for Victoria ‘s H2O deficit crisis, but it will hold many long term and possibly even irreversible Marine, costal and environmental impacts. For the intent of this essay, we will merely see Marine and coastal impacts. The works is being built behind a foreshore modesty and a dune system and building and operation of the desalinization works will hold many negative impacts on the environing country ( Heislers ) . Construction: Construction will do a batch of harm on land and seabed when sand, clay and other seabed home grounds will be disrupted during boring and puting grapevines ( Smyth, 2007 ) . Operation: Marine life loss- Once the works is to the full operational, it is estimated that about 40 metric tons of sea life will turn up dead every twenty-four hours when molluscs, weed, larvae, algae, fish/fish eggs, plankton will be sucked in through the pipes near the consumption countries and larger mari0ne animate beings will be trapped by the screens around the consumption countries ( Heislers ) . A survey on desalinization workss conducted in the United States revealed that around 55,000 invertebrates and 78,000 fish died each twelvemonth after acquiring stuck on the screens near the intake country. Whereas, other smaller animals died after being sucked up by the pipes. It is rather good cognize how the remotion of one key species can interrupt the nutrient concatenation and consequence in species loss. Loss of these marine animate beings will modify nutrient concatenation and vastly impact the life rhythms ( Smyth, 2007 ) . Toxic Discharge- One of the biggest impacts of the desalinization works will come from the warm seawater that will be discharged as waste into the ocean which can kill marine animate beings. Surveies on the impact of desalinization discharge on marine life demo a decrease in echinoderms ( starfish, sea urchins etc. ) densenesss near the discharge countries. There was besides a important addition in leaf mortification and a decrease in carbohydrate storage in foliage tissues which was linked to increased alimentary handiness and exposure to the seawater. Research suggests that these marine workss are really sensitive to seawaters as they can undergo mortification from an addition of merely 1-2 parts per trillion in salt ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . Apart from being warm, it will be extremely concentrated and loaded with chemicals. Desalination works surveies in Western Australia found that the discharge could increase the temperature of Waterss within a seven square kilometer country environing the escape pipe by 0.1 to 0.5 & A ; deg ; C ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . A batch of chemicals like Cl, which is used in pretreatments such as cleansing of pipes, can harm the home ground. Chemicals like these can alter degree of O in H2O and warm seawater can raise temperature of sea H2O near the gap of the mercantile establishment. Tests done on H2O quality environing a desalinization works in Florida revealed that about 45 kilograms Cu was being discharged every twenty-four hours. The concentration of Cu was 5-10 times higher than normal concentrations and exceeded toxicity thresholds for native species ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . One of the deductions of outflowing discharge is that it can congregate in an country instead than scatter due to hapless circulation which will make a dead zone and change the ecosystem around the discharge country ( Heislers ) . Even the slightest alteration in ecosystem can impact fish migration, as they will hold to migrate from their nor mal eating and genteelness countries which will besides do them vulnerable to other marauders ( Smyth, 2007 ) . Noise- There will be a important addition in the degree of submerged noise due to high force per unit area pumps which will take to habitat debasement. Local giant populations, along with populations of seal, great white shark and penguin will be affected negatively ( Heislers ) . Regulative Model: There are many province and commonwealth Acts of the Apostless that manage environmental and marine impacts caused by the building and operation of the desalinization works. State Acts of the Apostless include the Environmental Protection act, Flora and Fauna Guarantee act, Planning and Environment act, and Coastal Management act. Whereas the Commonwealth act includes the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation ( EPBC ) act.

Financial Performance of Apple Inc from 2002 to 2011 Research Paper

Financial Performance of Apple Inc from 2002 to 2011 - Research Paper Example The current ratio position of the company, which is â€Å"greater than 1,† offers a high leeway of liquidity (Kennon p 1). The Quick Ratio of Apple, which is 1.35, indicates their liquidity in terms of readily available finance. Similarly, the leverage ratio is 1.52 which indicates a sound debt and equity position, where investors can expect high returns. Moreover, a proportionate increase occurred in the Earning Per Share. The EPS has risen from 0.09 $ to 27.68 $ during the period between 2002 and 2011. This accounts for an appreciation of over three thousand times in ten years or an average growth of 300 times a year. Thus, the company stands to attract a lot of investors, which, in turn, will further escalate the rate of their share and add further value to the company. The price/sales ratio was 4.23%, compared to companies such as HP, Google, and Samsung. Apple, a leading manufacturer of computer hardware and software, iPods, mobile phones and other gadgets, was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, with the former as the CEO. Tim Cook was appointed for new CEO. From 2011, Dr. Arthur D Levinson was the director of Apple. The SVP heads are Mr. Jeffery E Williams (SVP Operation), Mr. Peter Oppenheimer (SVP and CFO), Mr. Guy Tribble (VP Software Technology), Mr. John Browett (SVP Retail), Mr. Eduardo H. Cue (SVP Internet Software and Services), Mr. Craig Federighi (SVP Software Engineering), Mr. Scott Forstall (SVP iOS Software) and Mr. Jonathan Ive SVP Industrial Design.  

Rhetorical analysis of How to Mark a Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rhetorical analysis of How to Mark a Book - Essay Example The first category includes people who are fascinated by the exterior or superficial outlook of the books; the second category includes people, who collect a lot of books, yet they are partially aware of what is in their collection; and the third category belongs to those who own books as they are supposed to be owned. Adler emphasizes on the importance of the essence and the knowledge that is preserved in the books, and his third type of book owners have this habit of reaching to crux of the information that is locked in words. The author has compared reading books with consuming beef steaks. According to him one must not read through the books, like gulping food hastily. Rather a reader must read and digest every point in the book, like he is chewing and digesting a tasty meal. Further, he gives example of President Hutchins, who was according to him a learned person with the passion of reading. While quoting Hutchins case, the author tries to elaborate the importance of writing on books, and on margins on the printed pages. Adler admits that writing, while reading a book may be a laborious act, and it definitely consumes more time than just simply reading, but he says that this is actually how one can give respect to the ideas that are documented in book. However, he does not want the readers to condition reading with labor, he appreciates the relaxed mode reading of fiction and other easy to digest literature. Further, he suggests that consuming few books properly is better than reading through a library, and he compares it with human sociology, where he suggests that it is better to have few friends than having thousands of acquaintances. To encourage his readers for adopting the habit of writing through lines, he has offered a hypothetical protocol that could be used by the readers, when they start reading their next book. Overall the main theme of this article was to make readers learn how to extract the maximum