Evolution and religion Essay Example for Free

organic developing and worship Essay scientific discipline with pop unearthly belief is lame, godliness without learning is blind , said Albert Einstein. This essay concentrates on evolution, religion, and creationism. In the first phase these argon defined, and later their kinds and controversies are discussed. A conclusive statement is make a the end. growingThe system of evolution by natural selection was first put forth by Charles Darwin in his book, on the origin of species, in 1859. In 1930s Darwinian natural selection was combined with Mendelian inheritance to form the modern evolutionary synthesis. With its enormous explanatory power, this scheme put ups a unifying answer to diversity of life on earth. Evolution is the change in a populations inherited traits, from generation to generation. These traits are encoded as genes that are copied and pop offed on to offspring during reproduction. Mutations and other random changes in the genes can produce new o r altered traits, resulting in difference between organisms. Evolution occurs when these divers(prenominal) traits be view as it off more than(prenominal) common or rare in a population. This happens through genetic drift and is old bagd on the reproductive grade of traits through natural selection.Under natural selection organisms with traits that help them to survive and reproduce tend to have more off springs. In doing so, they onlyow pass more copies of inheritable beneficial traits on to the next generation. This leads to advantageous traits becoming more common in individually generation, while disadvantageous traits become rarer. every discover sentence, this process can result in varied adaptations to environmental conditions. As differences in populations accumulate, new species may evolve. All known species have descended from a sensation ancestral gene pool through this process of gradual divergence.According to theory of evolution, life on Earth started its j ourney over 3 zillion days ago, when oxygenic photosynthesis emerged, which made development of aerobic cellular respiration possible around 2 billion years ago. In the last billion years, multi cellular plants and animals began to appear in oceans. The Cambrian explosion originated totally major body plans of modern animals. About 450 million years ago ( mya) plants and fungi colonized the land, and were shortly followed by anthropods and other animals. Amphibians first appeared around 300 mya, followed by reptiles and mammals around 200 mya, and birds around 100 mya. The human genus arose around 2 mya, while the soonest modern humans lived 200 thousand years ago.This theory states that all organisms on Earth have descended from a common ancestral gene pool. narrate for this is inferred from traits shared between all living organisms. In Darwins days, this statement was based on visible observation of morphologic similarities. Today genetic science has proved this. For exampl e, every living cell makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material and uses the aforesaid(prenominal) 20 amino acids as the building blocks of proteins. The universality of these traits extract common line of products. The roots of evolution theory were laid by Charles Darwin in 1858. He could not propose any working mechanism for inheritance. This was provided by Mendel in 1865, who proved that distinct traits were inherited in a well defined and predictable manner.( Evolution )ReligionA religion is a set of beliefs and practices for the most part held by human community involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals, and study of ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, mythology, personal faith and mystic experience. It is also described as a communal system for the coherence of belief focusing on a system of thought, un hold inn being, person, or object, that is considered to be supernatural, sacred, divine or of the highest truth. moral codes, values, practices, institutions, traditions, rituals and scriptures are often associated with the core belief. Religion is also described as a way of life .There are number of models in which religions come into being and develop. Broadly these models fall into three categories 1) Those which listen religion as social construction 2) Those which see religion as progressing towards higher, objective truth 3) Those which see particular religion as absolute truth Creationism Creationism is the belief that humanity, life, the Earth, and the Universe were entirely created by a supernatural deity, God. His origination is presupposed. The term creationism is often employ to describe the belief that creation occurred literally as described in the book Genesis, for Christians and the Jews, and in Quran, for Muslims.In Christian context, some creationists adopt a literal interpretation of the scriptural narratives and say that Bible provides a factual account, given from the perspective of only one who was there to witness it at that time God. Almost all churches teach that God created the Cosmos. biblical creationism places knowledge of God central in pursuit of knowledge of anything, as everything comes from God. It says nothing nearly the mechanisms by which anything was created. No systematic or scientific inquiry was made into the validity of the text. Christian creationism id categorized into many types.These are Young Earth creationism. This is inclusive of modern geocentrism, Omphalos hypothesis, and creation science. Old Earth creationism. This take ons Gap creationism, Day-age creationism, and progressive creationism. Theistic creationism Neo-creationism, which includes intelligent design. While Christian and Islamic creationism are almost similar. Hindu creationism reckons that all creatures including humans undergo repeated cycles of creation and destruction. The Hindu view of the cosmos is cyclic. ( Creationism ) Evolution and religion Religion is bas ed on beliefs and science is based on proofs and evidences. The theory of evolution is backed by scientific proofs and is considered science beyond any doubt.The relationship between religion and science takes many forms as both(prenominal) are extremely broad. They employ different methods and address different doubtfulnesss. The scientific method adopts an objective approach to measure, calculate, and describe the natural, physical, material universe. Religious methods are more subjective, relying on notions about authority, intuition, belief in supernatural, individual experience and reasoned observations about life or the universe, or a combination of all these.Science attempts to answer the how and what of observable and verifiable phenomena, religion attempts to answer the why question of values, morals, and spirituality. Both employ different methods to find answers to different questions. ( Relationship). A noteworthy distinction between the two is that religion has been existing since ages, whereas science is too young. The earliest civilizations of human species have been worshipping a supernatural force, which was later named as God by Christianity and Allah by Islam. The two most popular religions of todays public may be a fewer thousand years old only, further the concept of religion is as old as man himself.In opposition, the modern day science is hardly a few hundred years old. All the modern scientific theories and discoveries on which the world is thriving today, occurred after the renaissance era in Europe. There are two distinct views regarding relationship between religion and science. One known as non-overlapping magisteria, described by Stephen Jay Gould states that both deal with fundamentally separate aspects of human experience and so when each stays within its own domain, they can co-exist peacefully. The other view known as struggle thesis, which is not to the liking of historians but retains popular appeal, holds that scien ce and religion inevitably compete for authority over the nature of reality.Here, religion has been gradually losing a war with science as scientific expressions become more powerful, bankable and widespread. ( Relationship ) Evolution theory gives answers to various how life evolved and developed on this earth. Its domain is limited to explaining and proving the existence of a common genetic pool from which different species came into existence. On the other hand the combined domain of all the religions of this world is almost infinite. Answers to questions which science cannot answer are given by religion. The contents of theory of evolution are limited whereas that of all the religions combined are limitless. For example, evolution theory cannot give a satisfactory answer to the origins of universe or the outset vertex of life. It just assumes that there was a pool of genes from which all forms of life have descended.Religion explains that there exists a supernatural force, whi ch is not seen by anyone and the existence of which can never be proved in a scientific way, which created the Big Bang. Science assumes that this was the beginning of universe. Religion does have answers to questions which cannot be answered by any scientific theory. The theory of evolution has no clue about soul, which is globally accepted as a part of our body, while all religions of this world have clear answers to any question regarding soul. All scientific knowledge, if summed up, is like a small drop in an ocean of summed up knowledge offered by all religions on this world.If religion is based on assumptions, even science has assumptions at its base. Evolution is limited to various aspects of life on this planet. For any religion this is a very small chapter in a huge book. Religion not only touches the various aspects of how life developed, but numerous other topics also. As mentioned above, religion is a way of life and hence its perceptions are much broader than the evol ution theory, touching the living and the non-living also. Conflicts between religion and evolution arise when religious fundamentalists refuse to accept the scientifically proved facts.This is true for Christian fundamentalists, especially in the United States. They are simply not ready to deviate from the Biblical teachings that God is the creator of all things and He runs the show. They tend to miss one important point that Darwin has never touched the debate on why evolution occurred. He has simply found answers to how it happened. The authority of God, or for that weigh teaching of any religion is never questioned by the theory of evolution. As a matter of fact, there are ample proofs available which convince us that the scientific community also accepts and favors the theory of a super natural power.Writes Lovgren Stefan in his phrase in national Geographic news, Some of historys greatest scientific minds, including Albert Einstein, were convinced that there is intelligent life behind the universe. Today many scientists say that there is no conflict between their faith and their work. He further writes, the scientific evidence for evolution is overwhelming. Yet, in 2001 Gallup poll, 45% of ground forces adults said that they believe evolution has played no role in shaping humans. Darwin never said anything about God.Many scientists and theologians maintain that it would be dead logical to think that a divine being used evaluation as a method to create the world. The article further argues , there is no way to explain religious faith scientifically. It is hard to envision a test that can tell the difference between the universe created by God, and the one that appeared without God. But why did the universe exist at all ? This is a question which religion is particularly good at answering. The same article has a report by Ted Sargent, a nano-technology expert at the University of Toronto. Even as science progresses in its reductionist fashion movin g towards deeper, simpler and more elegant understanding of particles and forces, there will still remain a why, at the end. Why are the rules the way they are ? This is where people will find God . Stefan comments, To many scientists, this discoveries may not be that different from religious revelations. Scientific advancements may even draw scientists closer to religion. ( Lovgren Stefan ) Conversely, religious fundamentalists should also accept the fats which are proven beyond any doubt. This establishes a harmony between religion and evolution. Evolution and creationism The conflict between the believers in evolution theory and creationism is more fierce than that of evolution and religion. This is especially true in the USA where it has become a political controversy.It is a dispute about the origins of Earth, humanity, life, and the universe. The train of support for the evolution theory is overwhelming in the scientific community and the academia, while support for creatio n based alternatives where evolution does not take place is minimal among secular scientists.Creationists argue that scientific theories are incomplete, incorrect, and inherently flawed due to the infinite regression nature of questions of origins. They argue that if science can provide answers to what caused the Big Bang ? or what was the nature of first life form ? it is likely that answers themselves will be subject to similar kinds of regressive inquiry. They firmly believe that science cannot provide answers to such questions and that their religious discourse is much more complete and more reliable than the naturalistic description provided by science. While creationists point at the limitations of scientific investigations, they intend to point towards the existence of creator God. Skeptics criticize this as God of the gaps argument.They say that religious argumentation is reduced to a place holder for gaps in human knowledge. One more argument presented is that evolution i s a theory and not a fact. This is a result of misconception about the technical meaning of theory. In common usage, theory means hypothesis and unproven assumptions. In science it means a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena.Exploring this issue, Stephen Jay Gould wrote, Evolution is a theory. It is also a fact, and facts and theories are different things, not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing uncertainty. Facts are the worlds data. Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts. Facts do not go away when scientists debate compete theories to explain them. Einsteins theory of gravitation replaced that of Newtons but apples did not suspend themselves from mid air. And humans evolved from ape-like ancestors whether they did so by Darwins proposed mechanism or by some other yet to be disclosed .Karl Propper gave a new dimension to the debate, by evolving the concept of falsifiability. He clai med that testable theories are scientific but those that are untestable are not. He declares, I have come to a conclusion that Darwinism is not testable scientific theory but a metaphysical research program, a plausible framework for testable scientific theories. Debate among some scientists and philosophers of science on the applicability of falsifiabilty have been offered by some scientists Richard Dawkins and J.B.S. Haldane both pointed out that if fossil rabbits were found in the Precarribean era, a time in advance most similarly complex life forms had evolved that would completely blow evolution out of water.Creationists have criticized the scientific evidence used to support evolution as being based on faulty assumptions and unjustified jumping to conclusions. These include the fossil fuel record which has significant gaps that cast doubt on evolution the emergence of new species which has not been observed directly radiometric dating which is inexact due to an inapprop riate reliance on assumption of uniformitarianism While creationists claim that the problems they point out represent significant holes in evolutionary theory. Supporters of evolutionary theory respond by arguing that these gaps of knowledge do not cast doubt on the framework the theory of evolution provides, asserting that they indicate every areas where research contracts to be directed or there is misunderstanding on the part of creationists.As a matter of fact scientists and subject experts of evolution, do not spend much time on refuting the charges of creationists. Many do not respond at all. They do not think it is worth it. after(prenominal) all, when they reply, creationists get the publicity. ( creation-evolution controversy ) Pope Benedict XVI , in a book titled creation and evolution, published on 11 April 2007, states that The question is not to either make a decision for a creationism that fundamentally excludes science, or for an evolutionary theory that covers ov er its own gaps and does not want to see the questions that reach beyond the methodological possibilities of natural science. I find it important to underline that theory of evolution implies questions that must be to philosophy and which themselves lead beyond the realms of science. It is also true that the theory of evolution is not a complete, scientifically proven theory. He believes that experiment in a controlled environment has limitations, as, We cannot have 10,000 generations into the laboratory.He also does not endorse creationism or intelligent design. He defends theistic evolution, a reconciliation between science and religion, already held by Catholics. He writes on evolution, as a process itself is rational despite the mistakes and confusion as it goes through a narrow corridor, choosing a few mutations and using low probability. This inevitably leads to a question that goes beyond science- where did this rationality come from ? to which he answers that it comes fr om the creative reason of God. ( creationism evolution controversy) Third alternative The conflict and controversy over evolution and creationism can be resolved if a third alternative is adopted. If biology had followed Pasteurs paradigm, instead of Darwins, and if the theory of cosmic ancestry was prevailing today, then the mechanical theory of nature would account for the evolutionary progress and the origin of life on Earth.There would be no need for supernatural intervention. Cosmic ancestry is fundamentally different from both Darwinism and prevailing western religions. Both hold that life arises and evolves from simpler beginnings. Darwinism explains this with material causes, western religions with supernatural causes. In Cosmic Ancestry life neither arises nor evolves to more highly organized forms from simpler beginnings. With material causes life can descend from prior life at least(prenominal) as highly evolved as itself. Thus in Cosmic Ancestry, life only descends. Th e fact is that neither science nor religion seem interested in adopting Cosmic Ancestry as an alternative. ( Evolution versus creationism)ConclusionThe theory of evolution proves how life originated and developed on this Earth. It has a scientific base in all its claims. It is a result of careful analysis of data. All over the world it has been accepted as a truly scientific explanation on evolution of life. It does not have to do anything with any supernatural power. Religious fundamentalists, specially Christian, have evolved a movement called creationism, which asserts that the theory of evolution tends to wipe off the Biblical teachings and the faith they have in God.Till today, the highest priest of Christianity, the Pope, is busy trying to find holes in the theory of evolution, when the whole world has accepted this theory before 150 years. The paradox is that evolution has never touched upon the aspects of God. In fact, scientists also believe in God and accept His existence. There is no legitimate base for creationism, and it reflects the sense of adamancy among the Christian fundamentalists. Theory of Cosmic Ancestry can be adopted as an option.Works-cited page 1. Evolution, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 14 April 07, Retrieved on 15 April 07 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution 2. Creationism, wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 14 April 07, Retrieved on 15 April 07 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism 3. Relationship, Relationship between Religion and science, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 12 April 07, Retrieved on 15 April 07 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science 4. Lovgren Stefan, Evolution and religion can co-exist, scientists say, National Geographic News, 18 October 2004, Retrieved on 15 April 07, from http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1018_041018_science_religion.html 5. Creation-evolution controversy, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 13 April 07, Retrieved on 15 April 07 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation-evolution_controversy 6. Evolution versus creationism, Retrieved on 16 April 07 from http//www.panspermia.org/mechansm.htm